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Rhone Master Flashcards

1
Q

When was “La Cote du Rhone” created and what is it?

A

1600 - Administrative district in the Vicariate of Uzes (w/i Southern Rhone department of Gard, the right bank of the Rhone River. Around 1650 regulations to make guarantee of origin due to great quality

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2
Q

who created CDR and when

A

1737 King Louis XV gave edict to control quality and fraud. 1800 LA became LES Cotes du Rhone becoming regional moniker. Vienne to Avignon.

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3
Q

Cotes du Rhone Septentrionales

A

Northern Rhone

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4
Q

Cotes du Rhone Meridionales

A

Southern Rhone

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5
Q

Number of Rhone Crus AOCs

A

16 (8 northern, 8 southern)

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6
Q

Number of Vins Doux Naturel AOCs

A

2, both Southern Beaumes de Venise, Rasteau

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7
Q

Number of Rhone Valley wine producing villages that produce CDR wines

A

171 of the Rhone Valley’s 300 wine-producing villages produce SDR wines.
92% Red, 4% Rose, 4% White

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8
Q

When did phylloxera devastate the region

A

1870, switched to American Rootstock. Syrah and Grenache easy to graft. Mourvedre very hard to graft. Lost footing

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9
Q

Who created the first wine Appellation d’Origine Controle (AOC) system?

A

Baron Pierre le Roy Boiseaumarie in 1935

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10
Q

Who co-founded the Institut National des Appellations d’Origine (INAO)?

A

Baron Pierre Le Roy de Boiseaumarie in 1935

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11
Q

What is an AOC?

A

A clearly defined area of origin (Origine) from which a specifically named (Appellation) product can be created and labeled under strictly regulated (Controlee) production methods.

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12
Q

When and what was the INAO’s first regulation text for French AOC wines

A

May 15th 1936

Arbois, Cassis, Chateaunerf-du-Pape

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13
Q

Year of Cotes du Rhone AOC status

A

1937

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14
Q

Year of Cotes du Rhone Villages Appellation

A

1967

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15
Q

Year of Cotes du Rhone Villages-Named appellations

A

1999

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16
Q

What year did the Great Winter Freeze hit Rhone

A

1956
5F for 3 weeks with Mistral Winds. Most fruit and Olive trees died, vines did not. Many farmers turned to vines after that

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17
Q

What region is France’s second largest producers of AOC wines?

A

Rhone Valley

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18
Q

Define regional boundaries of Rhone Valley

A 
Lyon & Beaujolais on the North
Languedoc on SW
Provence on SE
Pre-Alp on East
Mtns of Massif Central on W
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19
Q

Length of Rhone Region

A

120 miles Vienne to Nimes

30 mile stretch between Northern & Southern sub-regions with no vines

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20
Q

What parallels bookend the Rhone Valley

A

44 & 45th parallels north

Halfway between the equator and the pole. The same as Willamette Valley

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21
Q

Les Cotes du Rhone is a sub-section of what Valley

A

Rhone Valley

At first, the singular “Côte du Rhône” was used in the 1600s for wines specific to one area of the Southern Rhône within the Vicariate of Uzès, in the Gard department. Then, the plural form was gradually adopted by the 1800s for a much larger zone.

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22
Q

Name two common climatic denominators for both Northern and Southern Rhone

A

The Rhone River

The Mistral wind

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23
Q

Describe the Rhone River effect

A

Moderates temperature
Equalize diurnal and seasonal temperature swings
Aid in bud break
Reduce risk of frost
More effect in North due to close proximity of vines to the river. In Southern Rhone, some vineyards are 30 miles away from river bed

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24
Q

Describe the Mistral Effect Benefits

A 
Clears clouds and dust bring sunny skies
dry weather
Prevents frost
Chases humidity, reduces disease pressure
Drops temp to keep grapes from baking
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25
Q

Describe the Mistral Effect Risks

A 
Breaks shoots
Rips off leaves and berries
uproots vines
damages crops
Desiccates grapes

Blows harder in Southern Rhone, vines untrellised

To protect vines in the Northern Rhone, vines planted on Southeast slope

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26
Q

Length and boundaries of Northern Rhone

A

45 Mile N to S btwn Vienne and Valence
8,100 acres of vineyards
5% total Les Cotes du Rhone production and 4% total production w/i Rhone Valley

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27
Q

Northern Rhone Climate

A

Continental (Significant diurnal and seasonal temperature swings)
Rhone temps drop earlier than in the south so earlier ripening grapes are favored

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28
Q

What is coulure?

A

Cool temp at bud break decreasing yield

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29
Q

Location of vineyards in Northern Rhone

A

Flank the Rhone River on steep slopes

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30
Q

Soils of Northern Rhone

A

Mostly granite sub-soils with a topsoil of decomposed crystalline mica-schist and granitic sands
pockets of calcareous soils with galets and patches of shingle-clay (good for reflecting heat after sun set)
Some vineyards are pure sand or pure clay - BEST for WHITE wines

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31
Q

Name primary grapes of Northern Rhone

A

Syrah, Viognier, Marsanne, Rousanne

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32
Q

Are there sweet wines from Northern Rhone

A

No AOC burt some late-harvest (sometimes botrytized) dessert wine from Viognier in Condrieu and Vin de Paille from Marsanne and Roussanne in Hermitage

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33
Q

Characteristics of Rhone grown Syrah

A 
Early ripening
densely pigmented
tannic
moderate in alcohol
Moderate in acidity
Reductive in nature (doesn't bond well with oxygen) hence gamy, leather notes
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34
Q

Characteristics of Rhone grown Viognier

A 
Vigorous and hardy
Thrives in poor, dry, stony soils
Early-ripener
Aromatic
High in alcohol
Moderate in acidity
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35
Q

Characteristics of Rhone grown Marsanne

A 
Vigorous and hardy
Generous producer
Early-ripener
prefers warm stony infertile sites
High in alcohol
High in extract
Moderately low in acidity
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36
Q

Characteristics of Rhone grown Roussanne

A

Moderately vigorous
Early-ripener
Prefers warm, stony, well-drained soils; arid hillsides

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37
Q

Name the Cru AOCs in Northern Rhone

A 
Cote-Rotie
Condrieu
Chateau-Grillet
Saint-Joseph
Crozes-Hermitage
Hermitage
Cornas
Saint-Peray
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38
Q

Minimum alcohol levels for Northern Cru

A

Northern Cru Whites - 10-11%
Northern Cru Reds - 10-10.5%
Lower than in the South due to cooler temperature producing less ripe grapes

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39
Q

Blending limits for Cote-Rotie

A

(Baked Slope)
100% red cru SYRAH
up to 20% Viognier

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40
Q

Blending limits for Condrieu

A

100% white cru consisting of Viognier only

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41
Q

Blending limits for Chateau-Grillet

A

100% white cru consisting of Viognier only

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42
Q

Size of Chateau-Grillet

A

7.4 acres!!!

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43
Q

Blending limits for Saint-Joseph

A

Predominately red cru Syrah
up to 10% Rousanne and/or Marsanne into red bottlings

Whites are Roussanne/Marsanne blends

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44
Q

Blending limits for Crozes-Hermitage

A

Mostly red cry consisting of Syrah and up to 15% of Roussanne-Marsanne

Whites are Roussanne-Marsanne blends

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45
Q

Blending limits for Hermitage

A

Mostly red cry of Syrah with up to 15% Rousanne-Marsanne

25% of the cru is white: Roussanne-Marsanne blends & rare vins de paille

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46
Q

Blending limits for Cornas

A

100% red cru consisting of Syrah
NO BLENDING ALLOWED - only cru to forbid
Cornas means burnt soils in Cletic

47
Q

Blending limits for Saint-Peray

A

100% White cru of Roussanne and Marsanne blends

Still white Saint-Peray
Sparkling white Saint-Peray Mousseux

48
Q

What is Echalas

A

two sticks, two vines, in a teepee-like growing structure to protect and support vines. Syrah tends to droop

49
Q

What is the region of Diois

A

ONE OF FRANCE’S HIGHEST wine Regions

Considered part of the Northern Rhone but NOT included in Les Cotes du Rhone
SW edge of Pre-Alpine region known as Massif du Vercors

Limestone and clay soils

50
Q

Location of Southern Rhone

A

Montelimar to Nimes 66 miles N to S

51
Q

What are the Northern and southern most cities for Les Cotes du Rhone

A

Vienne N

Avignon S

52
Q

Southern Rhone climate

A

Mediterranean
2,700 hours of sunshine
Grapes get full ripeness. Many grapes thrive in this climate

53
Q

Describe landscape of Southern Rhone

A

rolling hills, rocky plains and jagged mountain peaks

glacial melt-waters eroded and smoothed the rocks and reduced their size to still large galets

54
Q

Name the Southern Rhone Soil Types

A 
5 hence the large number of appellations
Galets
Shingle Clay
Stony Clay Limestone
Loess and Molasse
Red Sandstone
55
Q

Galets soil yields what type of wine

A

Dense, layered powerful wine

56
Q

Shingle clay soil yields what type of wine

A

Powerful, tannic, age-worthy wine

57
Q

Stony Clay Limestone soil yields what type of wine

A

Long-lived wines with distinct minerality, good acidity and sleek polished tannins

58
Q

Loess and Molasse soils yields what type of wine

A

Wind blown silts and sands

Bright whites, roses and simple reds that are fruit forward

59
Q

Red sandstone soil yields what type of wine

A

Wines full of black fruit, spice and leather

60
Q

Describe wine style of southern rhone

A

Typically blended products

27 Grape varieties grown in Southern Rhone, (31 grapes total in entire Rhone Valley)

61
Q

Number of grapes permitted in Les Cotes du Rhone wines

A 
24 grapes
ONLY 21 of the 24 permitted in Cotes du Rhone AOC wines
Grenache Blanc
Clairette Blanche
Viognier
Bourboulenc
Roussanne
Marsanne
Muscat a Petits Grains (AOC Muscat de Beaumes de Venise ONLY)
Piquepoul Blanc (lip stinger)
Ugni Blanc (trebbiano)
Grenache Noir
Syrah
Carignan
Cinsault
Mourvedre
Counoise
Muscardin
Vaccarese-Camarese
Terret Noir
Picpoul Noir
Grenache Gris
Clairette Rose
(NOT PERMITTED - Picardan, Rolle (aka Vermentino) , Maccabeu (aka Viura in Rioja), Pascal, Calitor)
62
Q

Southern Rhone White Wine Styles

A

Dry whites

Sweet Fortified Whites (Vins Doux Naturels - VDN)

63
Q

Southern Rhone Red Wine Styles

A

Dry red, Sweet fortified red (VDN)

64
Q

Where is the Calitor grape found

A

Tavel only

65
Q

Training system typical to Southern Rhone

A

Older vineyards use Gobelet - low to the ground to protect vines from mistral winds. New vineyards are trellised to better sun exposure, easy pruning, air flow, structural support agains the Mistral

66
Q

Name two categories of the Rhone Valley AOCs

A

AOCs that can produce regional Cotes du Rhone (they lie within the Cotes du Rhone zone of production.

Rhone Valley AOCs that lie outside the Cotes du Rhone thus not allowed the regional appellation

67
Q

Name the 5 categories of Cotes du Rhone Zone AOC

A

Cotes du Rhone AOC (171 villages both N and S)
Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC (95 villages, SOUTH ONLY)
17 Cotes du Rhone Villages-Named Villages (SOUTH ONLY)
16 Crus AOCs (8 N, 8 S)
2 Vins Doux Naturals AOCs (Fortified wines, SOUTH ONLY)

68
Q

What are the Other Rhone Valley AOCs

A

often same grapes and styles but located out of the Cotes du Rhone zone

Northern Rhone - Diois AOC
Southern Rhone - Cotes du Vivarais, Grignon Les Adhemar, Ventoux, Luberon, Costieres de Nimes, Clairette de Bellgarde

69
Q

Describe the Cotes du Rhone AOC

A 
Largest in vineyard acerage and volume
Focused mostly (95%) in the Southern Rhone sub-region.  Grapes can be sourced from anywhere in the designated Cotes du Rhone region
70
Q

Describe the Cotes du Rhone Villages AOC

A

95 villages all located in the South flanked on both sides of the river

71
Q

Describe the Cotes du Rhone Village-Named Villages AOC

A 
17 villages (zones of production)
Consistently produced wines with such unique and distinct characteristics they they have been awarded their own AOC
72
Q

Describe the Vin Doux Natural AOC

A

Two villages only, both Southern
Beaumes-de-Venise & Rasteau
Must contain at least 11% residual sugar and 15% Alcohol

73
Q

What are the CDR White Wine Blend requirements for Southern Rhone

A

Wine must be 80% Grenache Blanc, Clairette, Marsanne, Roussanne, Bourboulenc and Viognier

Other grapes - Ugni Blanc & Piquepoul Blanc - can NOT exceed 20% of the blend

11% alcohol minimum

74
Q

What are the CDR Villages Red & Rose Wine Blend requirements for Southern Rhone

A

Grenache >50%
Syrah and Morvedre (mandated) together or separate >20%
Carignan, Cinsault, Counoise, Muscardin, Camarese, Vaccarese, Picpoul Noir, Terret, Grenache Gris, Clairette Rose - together or Separate <20%

75
Q

What are the CDR Red/Rose Wine Blend alcohol minimum for Southern Rhone

A

11%

76
Q

What are the CDR Villages White Wine Blend requirements for Southern Rhone

A

Grenache Blanc, Cairette, Marsanne, rousanne, Bourboulenc, Viognier - together or separate >80%

Ugni Blanc, Picpoul Blanc - together or separate <20%

77
Q

What are the CDRV-Named Villages Wine Blend requirements for Southern Rhone

A

White & Rose 12% alcohol Minimums
Red 12.5% alcohol minimums

WHITES - Grenache Blanc, Cairette, Marsanne, rousanne, Bourboulenc, Viognier - together or separate >80%

Ugni Blanc, Picpoul Blanc - together or separate 50%
Syrah and Morvedre (mandated) together or separate >20%
Carignan, Cinsault, Counoise, Muscardin, Camarese, Vaccarese, Picpoul Noir, Terret, Grenache Gris, Clairette Rose - together or Separate <20%

78
Q

Name the 17 CDRV-Named Villages

A 
SOUTHERN RHONE ONLY
Cairanne
Chusclan
Laudun
Massif d'Uchaux
Plan de Dieu
Puymeras
Roaix
Rochegude
Rousset-les-Vignes
Sablet
Saint-Gervais
Saint-Maurice
Saint-Pantaleon-les-Vignes
Seguret
Signargues
Valreas
Visan
79
Q

Name the Crus AOCs of the Southern Rhone

A 
Vinsobres
Gigondas
Vacqueyras
Rasteau
Beaumes de Vinise
Chateauneuf-du-Pape
Lirac
Tavel
80
Q

Core Red Blends for Southern Crus AOCs

A

Core Red Blend - Grenache, Syrah, Cinsault and Mourvedre + any othe 10 red varieties grown in Southern CDR. Some whites may be added depending on specific AOCS

12.5% alcohol minimum for reds
12-12.5% for rose

81
Q

Core White Blends for Southern Crus AOCs

A

Grenache Blanc, Bourboulenc, Marsanne and Rousanne + any of the 6 other white varieties grown in Southern CDR

12-12.5% for white

82
Q

Describe blend and location of Vinsobres

A

100% red cru

Left Bank

83
Q

Describe blends and location of Gigondas

A

95% red, 5% Rose

Left Bank

84
Q

Describe blend and location of Vacqueyras

A

97% red, 2% White, 1% rose

Left Bank

85
Q

Describe blend and location of Rasteau

A

100% red for Dry wine
(same zone of production makes red, white and rose vin doux natural)
Left bank

86
Q

Describe blend and location of Beaumes de Venise

A

100% red
Left Bank

DO NOT Confuse with VDN Muscat de Beames de Venise!!!

87
Q

Describe blend and location of Chateauneuf-du-Pape

A

95% red, 5% white

Left Bank

88
Q

Describe blend and location of Lirac

A

80% red, 15% Rose, 5% White

Right bank

89
Q

Describe blend and location of Tavel

A

100% Rose

Right Bank

90
Q

Name the vins doux naturels in the Rhone Valley

A

2
Muscat de Beaumes de Venise (white,sweet)
Rasteau (red, sweet)

91
Q

Describe blend of VDN Rasteau

A

Grapes: Grenache Noir, Grenache Gris & Grenache Blanc with up to 10% other CDR varieties

Mostly red VDN but there is som White and Rose VDN also

92
Q

Describe blend of VDN Muscat de Beaumes de Venise

A

Grapes: Muscat a Petits Grains only

93
Q

Mutage

A

adding neutral grape spirits (95% alcohol) to partially fermented grape must

94
Q

Saignee

A

For Rose production

  • After destemming and crushing, the slurry of skins, pulp, seeds and juice is tanked
  • Maceration averages 4-12 hours then the liquid is pulled off of the solids (bleeding)
  • Pink juice is fermented as if it were a white wine (no skin contact)
  • Malo-lactic fermentation is avoided
95
Q

Who founded Massalia (today’s Marseilles) and when

A

Phocaeans in 600BC

NOT TO CONFUSE WITH Phoencians - Mariniers from Anatolia (present-day Turkey)

96
Q

Name the ancient grape variety planted in the Rhone near Vienne and mentioned by Roman chroniclers

A

Allobrogica

97
Q

What is the name of the historical heartland of Rhone Valley vineyard

A

Les Cotes du Rhone

98
Q

What is Allobrogica

A

grape associated with the native Allobrogres tribe who were defeated by the Romans, and then worked with them in developing some of the most celebrated vineyards of the Northern Rhône.

99
Q

When approximately did the Rhône glacier carve the Valley of the Rhône?

A

2 million years ago

100
Q

The Northern Rhône Valley vineyards on the right bank of the River from Côte-Rôtie to Saint-Péray are primarily found on soils of granite and schist with localized top soils of limestone, marl and sand. True or false

A

True

101
Q

Garrigue

A
  • An infertile rocky limestone soil found in the Southern Rhône
  • Wild plants and herbs such as thyme, rosemary and lavender
  • A highly distinctive aroma emitted by resinous wild plants in the Southern Rhône
102
Q

Approximate annual hours of sunshine in the Southern Rhône.

A

2,700 annual hours

103
Q

winds of the Rhône Valley include:

A

Mistral/Bise
Vent du Sud
Sirocco

104
Q

climate of the Northern Rhône

A

is classified as continental, with four distinct seasons and regular rainfall.

105
Q

What training systems are authorized in Southern Rhone vineyards

A

Gobelet

Cordon de Royat

106
Q

Describe Gobelet

A

Short, vertical trunk with divergent branches and spurs to bear fruit and provide next years spurs

No stake or trellis

107
Q

Describe Cordon de Royat

A

Long trunk trained horizontally on wire with short spurs/canes
Positions fruit at same height
Favors consistent development
Controls yields
Trellised for better sun exposure, eliminate humidity, facilitate pruning, aids in harvesting

108
Q

Are Southern Rhone vines planted closer or wider apart? Why?

A

Wider apart due to depleted soil and shortage of water. Northern Rhone has half the density than the South.

109
Q

Is irrigation allowed in Southern Rhone

A

Yes, with conditions.

  • By special request only
  • until the grape begin to change color ( Verasion)
  • No later than August 15th
110
Q

Roughly how many vineyards are certified organic/in conversion in Rhone Valley

A

4,600 ha (6% of Rhone Valley AOC vineyard) 2010

111
Q

Syrah is a vigorous vine and relatively early ripener (2nd Epoch) which customarily needs a trellis or stake for support. True or False?

A

True

112
Q

Name the 5 principal soil types of the Southern Rhone

A 
Limestone
Red Sandstone
Shingle Clay
Galet
Loess/Molasse
112
Q

How many grape varieties are permitted in the historical heartland known as Les Côtes du Rhône?

A

23

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