Rice Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
What is the first phase of rice growth?
A
Seeding Transplanting
2
Q
What are the main phases of rice growth?
A
Vegetative phase, Reproductive phase, Ripening phase
3
Q
How long does the vegetative phase last?
A
The duration of the vegetative phase differs among varieties.
4
Q
How long do the reproductive and ripening phases last?
A
The reproductive and ripening phases are about the same for most varieties.
5
Q
How long does panicle formation to flowering take?
A
About 35 days.
6
Q
How long does flowering to harvest take?
A
About 30 days.
7
Q
What is the total range from sowing to harvest?
A
Ranges from 90 to 200 days.
8
Q
What is the scientific name of rice?
A
Oryza sativa
9
Q
What are the components of the rice grain?
A
Scutellum, Epiblaste, Coleoptile, Plumule, Radicule, Coleorhize
10
Q
What are the characteristics of roots in plants?
A
The roots are fibrous, possessing rootlets and root hairs.
11
Q
What are secondary adventitious roots?
A
Secondary adventitious roots are produced from the underground nodes of the young culm and are freely branched.
12
Q
What are seminal roots?
A
Seminal roots are sparsely branched and persist only for a short time after germination.
13
Q
What are adventitious prop roots?
A
Coarse adventitious prop roots often form in whorls from the nodes above ground level.
14
Q
What is the structure of the culm in rice?
A
The stem of rice called culm is made up of a series of nodes and internodes.
15
Q
What does a node in the culm bear?
A
The node (nodal region) bears a leaf and a bud.
16
Q
How do internodes vary in rice plants?
A
The internodes are elongated and vary in dimension with the lower ones being larger in diameter and thicker than the upper ones.
17
Q
How do primary tillers arise in rice plants?
A
Primary tillers arise from the main culm in an alternate pattern.
18
Q
Where do secondary tillers originate from?
A
Secondary tillers originate from the lowermost nodes.
19
Q
What are tertiary tillers?
A
Tertiary tillers grow out from secondary tillers.
20
Q
What are the two main components of the culm?
A
The two main components of the culm are nodes and internodes.
21
Q
What is the collar in relation to leaves?
A
The collar is the joint between the leaf-sheath and leaf-blade.
22
Q
What is the flag leaf?
A
The uppermost leaf below the panicle is the flag leaf.
23
Q
How do varieties differ in rice plants?
A
Varieties differ in leaf number.
24
Q
What are auricles?
A
Auricles are small, paired, ear-like appendages borne on either side of the base of the blade.
25
What is the ligule?
The ligule is a thin upright membranous structure seated on the inside of the collar at its base.
26
What characteristics do rice plants have?
Rice plants have both auricles and ligules. This characteristic is helpful in identifying grassy weeds in rice when the plants are young.
27
What is a prophyllum?
The prophyllum is the first rudimentary leaf at the base of the main culm. It is a bladeless, two-keeled bract also present between each secondary tiller and each tertiary.
28
What is Stage 0 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Germination to emergence
29
What is Stage 1 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Seedling
30
What is Stage 2 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Tillering
31
What is Stage 3 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Stem elongation
32
What is Stage 4 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Panicle initiation to booting
33
What is Stage 5 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Heading
34
What is Stage 6 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Flowering
35
What is Stage 7 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Milk grain
36
What is Stage 8 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Dough grain
37
What is Stage 9 in the growth stages of the rice plant?
Mature grain
38
What are the parts of the rice plant?
Leaf blade, Leaf sheath, Sheath pulvinus, Node, Ligule, Auricle, Adventitious roots
39
What is the time duration in days for Germination to Emergence?
10 days
## Footnote
Germination is the development of the embryo into shoots and roots.
40
What is the time duration in days for Tillering?
20 days
41
What is the time duration in days for Elongation?
30 days
42
What is the time duration in days for Booting?
40 days
43
What is the time duration in days for Flowering?
60 days
44
What is the time duration in days for Dough?
80 days
45
What is the time duration in days for Mature?
90 days
46
What happens during Germination?
The seeds absorb water from the surface of the hull.
47
What is Emergence?
The time when the shoot tip sprouts from the soil or water surface.
48
What develops inside the coleoptile during Germination?
The primordia for the first and then the second leaf start developing.
49
What is a radicle?
The radicle is the part of a seed that develops into the primary root.
50
What are seminal roots?
Seminal roots are the roots that develop from the radicle of a seed.
51
What is a coleoptile?
The coleoptile is a protective sheath covering the emerging shoot of a seedling.
52
What happens when the coleoptile stops growing?
When the coleoptile ceases growth at 1-2 cm, the first leaf emerges by breaking the coleoptile lengthwise.
53
How does the radicle emerge?
The radicle comes out by breaking the coleorhiza.
54
What factors affect the growth of the embryo?
Growth of the embryo varies with variety, temperature, and availability of water and air.
55
What can delay or prevent seed germination?
Extreme temperature and drought can delay or prevent seed germination.
56
What is the first requirement for seed germination?
Uptake of water is the first requirement for seed germination.
57
What happens inside a germinating seed?
Inside a germinating seed, starch, protein, and fats are digested and translocated to the embryo.
58
What is a mesocotyl?
The mesocotyl is a part of a seedling that connects the seed to the first leaf.
59
What is Stage 1 of the seedling development?
Stage 1-Seedling starts right after emergence and lasts until just before the first tiller appears.
60
What develops during Stage 1-Seedling?
Seminal roots and up to 5 leaves develop, with the first leaf being incomplete.
61
How often do leaves develop during Stage 1-Seedling?
The second leaf and succeeding leaves develop every 3-4 days.
62
What happens after 12 days in Stage 1-Seedling?
After producing 4 leaves, the seedling grows from food taken through the roots and manufactured in the leaves.
63
What replaces the radicle and seminal roots in Stage 1-Seedling?
Secondary adventitious roots rapidly replace the radicle and seminal roots.
64
What is Stage 2 of plant development?
Stage 2-Tillering extends from the appearance of the first tiller until maximum tiller number is reached.
65
How does the primary tiller grow?
The primary tiller grows from the main culm or stem from auxiliary primordia or basal nodes.
66
How do secondary and tertiary tillers develop?
The secondary tiller grows from the primary tiller, and the tertiary tiller grows from the secondary tiller.
67
What does the point of origin on the main stem indicate about a tiller?
The lower the point of origin on the main stem, the older the tiller is.
68
What happens to tillers as they grow and develop?
Tillers displace a leaf as they grow and develop.
69
What is the maximum tiller number stage?
The increase of tertiary tillers continues up to a certain point designated as the maximum tiller number stage.
70
What occurs after the maximum tiller number stage?
After this stage, some tillers die as the number of tillers declines and levels off.
71
When does the stem elongation stage begin?
This stage begins before panicle initiation in late maturing varieties; it may occur during the later part of the tillering stage.
72
What happens in short-duration varieties regarding stem elongation?
In short-duration varieties, stem elongation and panicle initiation occur almost simultaneously.
73
What marks the beginning of the panicle initiation to booting stage?
This stage begins with the initiation of the panicle primordium at the tip of the growing shoot.
74
When does the panicle initiation to booting stage end?
It ends when the young panicle is about to emerge.
75
When does the panicle become visible to the naked eye?
The panicle becomes visible to the naked eye about 7-10 days after initiation as a white feathery cone.
76
How does panicle initiation occur in tillers?
Panicle initiation occurs first in the main culm and follows in the other tillers in an uneven pattern.
77
What happens as the panicle develops?
As the panicle develops, the spikelets become distinguishable and the panicle extends upward inside the flag leaf sheath.
78
What is booting in the context of panicle development?
Booting is the final part of the panicle development stage.
79
What occurs about 16 days after visual panicle initiation?
About 16 days after visual panicle initiation, the sheath of the flag leaf swells, which is called booting.
80
What is noticeable at the base of the plant during senescence?
Senescence of leaves and unproductive (non-panicle bearing) tillers are noticeable at the base of the plant.
81
What does the point of origin on the main stem indicate about a tiller?
The lower the point of origin on the main stem, the older the tiller is.
82
What happens to tillers as they grow and develop?
Tillers displace a leaf as they grow and develop.
83
What is the maximum tiller number stage?
The increase of tertiary tillers continues up to a certain point designated as the maximum tiller number stage.
84
What occurs after the maximum tiller number stage?
After this stage, some tillers die as the number of tillers declines and levels off.
85
When does the stem elongation stage begin?
This stage begins before panicle initiation in late maturing varieties; it may occur during the later part of the tillering stage.
86
What happens in short-duration varieties regarding stem elongation?
In short-duration varieties, stem elongation and panicle initiation occur almost simultaneously.
87
What marks the beginning of the panicle initiation to booting stage?
This stage begins with the initiation of the panicle primordium at the tip of the growing shoot.
88
When does the panicle initiation to booting stage end?
It ends when the young panicle is about to emerge.
89
When does the panicle become visible to the naked eye?
The panicle becomes visible to the naked eye about 7-10 days after initiation as a white feathery cone.
90
How does panicle initiation occur in tillers?
Panicle initiation occurs first in the main culm and follows in the other tillers in an uneven pattern.
91
What happens as the panicle develops?
As the panicle develops, the spikelets become distinguishable and the panicle extends upward inside the flag leaf sheath.
92
What is booting in the context of panicle development?
Booting is the final part of the panicle development stage.
93
What occurs about 16 days after visual panicle initiation?
About 16 days after visual panicle initiation, the sheath of the flag leaf swells, which is called booting.
94
What is noticeable at the base of the plant during senescence?
Senescence of leaves and unproductive (non-panicle bearing) tillers are noticeable at the base of the plant.
95
What does the point of origin on the main stem indicate about a tiller?
The lower the point of origin on the main stem, the older the tiller is.
96
What happens to tillers as they grow and develop?
Tillers displace a leaf as they grow and develop.
97
What is the maximum tiller number stage?
The increase of tertiary tillers continues up to a certain point designated as the maximum tiller number stage.
98
What occurs after the maximum tiller number stage?
After this stage, some tillers die as the number of tillers declines and levels off.
99
When does the stem elongation stage begin?
This stage begins before panicle initiation in late maturing varieties; it may occur during the later part of the tillering stage.
100
What happens in short-duration varieties regarding stem elongation?
In short-duration varieties, stem elongation and panicle initiation occur almost simultaneously.
101
What marks the beginning of the panicle initiation to booting stage?
This stage begins with the initiation of the panicle primordium at the tip of the growing shoot.
102
When does the panicle initiation to booting stage end?
It ends when the young panicle is about to emerge.
103
When does the panicle become visible to the naked eye?
The panicle becomes visible to the naked eye about 7-10 days after initiation as a white feathery cone.
104
How does panicle initiation occur in tillers?
Panicle initiation occurs first in the main culm and follows in the other tillers in an uneven pattern.
105
What happens as the panicle develops?
As the panicle develops, the spikelets become distinguishable and the panicle extends upward inside the flag leaf sheath.
106
What is booting in the context of panicle development?
Booting is the final part of the panicle development stage.
107
What occurs about 16 days after visual panicle initiation?
About 16 days after visual panicle initiation, the sheath of the flag leaf swells, which is called booting.
108
What is noticeable at the base of the plant during senescence?
Senescence of leaves and unproductive (non-panicle bearing) tillers are noticeable at the base of the plant.
109
What is a panicle?
The panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm. The extent to which the panicle and a portion of the uppermost internode extend beyond the flag leaf sheath determines the exertion of the panicle.
110
What is the panicle base?
The panicle base is the nearly solid node between the uppermost internode of the culm and the axis of the panicle.
111
What is the neck in relation to the panicle?
The region about the panicle base is called the neck.
112
What is the panicle axis?
The panicle axis (rachis) is the main axis of the inflorescence, extending from the panicle base to the apex.
113
What are panicle pulvini?
Panicle pulvini are the swellings in the panicle axis where the branches are borne.
114
What do the nodes on the main axis give rise to?
Each node on the main axis gives rise to one or more primary branches, each of which in turn bears the secondary branches.
115
What do the second branches bear?
The second branches bear the pediceled spikelets.
116
What is the role of the pedicel?
The pedicel supports the spikelet on the secondary branches.
117
What defines the heading stage?
Heading stage is defined as the time when 50% of the panicles have exerted.
118
When does heading start and end?
Heading starts when the panicle emerges from the flagleaf sheath and ends when it completely protrudes from the sheath.
119
What happens during the heading stage?
The topmost internode elongates rapidly and pushes up the panicle. It usually takes 10 - 14 days for all plants in the field to complete heading.
120
What is anthesis?
Anthesis (blooming or flowering) follows after heading and refers to the series of events between the opening and closing of the spikelets.
121
What occurs at the time of anthesis?
At the time of anthesis, the panicle is erect, the florets are open (mostly in the morning), the stamens elongate, anthers move out of the flowering glumes, pollen is shed, and the florets then close.
122
What is a panicle?
The panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm. The extent to which the panicle and a portion of the uppermost internode extend beyond the flag leaf sheath determines the exertion of the panicle.
123
What is the panicle base?
The panicle base is the nearly solid node between the uppermost internode of the culm and the axis of the panicle.
124
What is the neck in relation to the panicle?
The region about the panicle base is called the neck.
125
What is the panicle axis?
The panicle axis (rachis) is the main axis of the inflorescence, extending from the panicle base to the apex.
126
What are panicle pulvini?
Panicle pulvini are the swellings in the panicle axis where the branches are borne.
127
What do the nodes on the main axis give rise to?
Each node on the main axis gives rise to one or more primary branches, each of which in turn bears the secondary branches.
128
What do the second branches bear?
The second branches bear the pediceled spikelets.
129
What is the role of the pedicel?
The pedicel supports the spikelet on the secondary branches.
130
What defines the heading stage?
Heading stage is defined as the time when 50% of the panicles have exerted.
131
When does heading start and end?
Heading starts when the panicle emerges from the flagleaf sheath and ends when it completely protrudes from the sheath.
132
What happens during the heading stage?
The topmost internode elongates rapidly and pushes up the panicle. It usually takes 10 - 14 days for all plants in the field to complete heading.
133
What is anthesis?
Anthesis (blooming or flowering) follows after heading and refers to the series of events between the opening and closing of the spikelets.
134
What occurs at the time of anthesis?
At the time of anthesis, the panicle is erect, the florets are open (mostly in the morning), the stamens elongate, anthers move out of the flowering glumes, pollen is shed, and the florets then close.
135
What is a panicle?
The panicle is borne on the uppermost internode of the culm. The extent to which the panicle and a portion of the uppermost internode extend beyond the flag leaf sheath determines the exertion of the panicle.
136
What is the panicle base?
The panicle base is the nearly solid node between the uppermost internode of the culm and the axis of the panicle.
137
What is the neck in relation to the panicle?
The region about the panicle base is called the neck.
138
What is the panicle axis?
The panicle axis (rachis) is the main axis of the inflorescence, extending from the panicle base to the apex.
139
What are panicle pulvini?
Panicle pulvini are the swellings in the panicle axis where the branches are borne.
140
What do the nodes on the main axis give rise to?
Each node on the main axis gives rise to one or more primary branches, each of which in turn bears the secondary branches.
141
What do the second branches bear?
The second branches bear the pediceled spikelets.
142
What is the role of the pedicel?
The pedicel supports the spikelet on the secondary branches.
143
What defines the heading stage?
Heading stage is defined as the time when 50% of the panicles have exerted.
144
When does heading start and end?
Heading starts when the panicle emerges from the flagleaf sheath and ends when it completely protrudes from the sheath.
145
What happens during the heading stage?
The topmost internode elongates rapidly and pushes up the panicle. It usually takes 10 - 14 days for all plants in the field to complete heading.
146
What is anthesis?
Anthesis (blooming or flowering) follows after heading and refers to the series of events between the opening and closing of the spikelets.
147
What occurs at the time of anthesis?
At the time of anthesis, the panicle is erect, the florets are open (mostly in the morning), the stamens elongate, anthers move out of the flowering glumes, pollen is shed, and the florets then close.
148
When does flowering occur in panicles?
Flowering occurs about 25 days after visual panicle initiation regardless of variety.
149
What is the plant's sensitivity during Stage 6?
The plant is most sensitive to stress such as drought and temperature extremes during this stage.
150
What are the components of the flower's stamens?
The six stamens are composed of two-celled anthers borne on slender filaments.
151
What does the pistil consist of?
The pistil consists of a double plumed stigma, style, and ovary.
152
What are lodicules?
Two scale-like, transparent fleshy structures located at the base of the flower that become turgid at anthesis.
153
What happens to the lemma and palea at anthesis?
At anthesis, the lodicules thrust the lemma and palea apart allowing the elongating stamens to emerge.
154
How do the lemma and palea behave after pollen is shed?
The lemma and palea close after the pollen grains are shed from the anther sacs. They open and close only once on the same day.
155
When does flowering occur in panicles?
Flowering occurs about 25 days after visual panicle initiation regardless of variety.
156
What is the plant's sensitivity during Stage 6?
The plant is most sensitive to stress such as drought and temperature extremes during this stage.
157
What are the components of the flower's stamens?
The six stamens are composed of two-celled anthers borne on slender filaments.
158
What does the pistil consist of?
The pistil consists of a double plumed stigma, style, and ovary.
159
What are lodicules?
Two scale-like, transparent fleshy structures located at the base of the flower that become turgid at anthesis.
160
What happens to the lemma and palea at anthesis?
At anthesis, the lodicules thrust the lemma and palea apart allowing the elongating stamens to emerge.
161
How do the lemma and palea behave after pollen is shed?
The lemma and palea close after the pollen grains are shed from the anther sacs. They open and close only once on the same day.
162
When does flowering occur in panicles?
Flowering occurs about 25 days after visual panicle initiation regardless of variety.
163
What is the plant's sensitivity during Stage 6?
The plant is most sensitive to stress such as drought and temperature extremes during this stage.
164
What are the components of the flower's stamens?
The six stamens are composed of two-celled anthers borne on slender filaments.
165
What does the pistil consist of?
The pistil consists of a double plumed stigma, style, and ovary.
166
What are lodicules?
Two scale-like, transparent fleshy structures located at the base of the flower that become turgid at anthesis.
167
What happens to the lemma and palea at anthesis?
At anthesis, the lodicules thrust the lemma and palea apart allowing the elongating stamens to emerge.
168
How do the lemma and palea behave after pollen is shed?
The lemma and palea close after the pollen grains are shed from the anther sacs. They open and close only once on the same day.
169
What is the term for the enlarged cup-like apex of the pedicel?
The enlarged cup-like apex of the pedicel is termed the rudimentary glumes.
170
What does a spikelet consist of?
A spikelet consists of two sterile lemmas (outer glumes), the rachilla and floret.
171
What are the upper bracts or flowering glumes made of?
The upper bracts or flowering glumes consist of the lemma (fertile lemma) and the palea.
172
What are spikelets composed of?
Spikelets are composed of the lemma, palea, and the enclosed flower, forming the floret.
173
What are the apiculi?
The extended tips of the lemma and palea are called the apiculi.
174
What is the awn?
The thin extension of the keel of the lemma is known as the awn.
175
What occurs during Stage 7 - Milk Grain?
The grain starts to fill with a white milky liquid that can be squeezed out. The top of the panicle bends gently in an arc, and the panicle and the 3 uppermost leaves are green.
176
What happens in Stage 8 - Dough Grain?
The milky portion of the grain turns into a soft then a hard dough. The panicle arches about 180 degrees at the tip and 90 degrees at the middle, and the grain turns yellow, making the whole field look yellowish. The last two remaining leaves of each tiller begin to dry at the tips.
177
What characterizes Stage 9 - Mature Grain?
The grains are fully developed, mature, hard, and yellow. A greater portion of the upper leaves are dry, and the panicles bend down.
178
What are spikelets composed of?
Spikelets are composed of the lemma, palea, and the enclosed flower, forming the floret.
179
What are the apiculi?
The extended tips of the lemma and palea are called the apiculi.
180
What is the awn?
The thin extension of the keel of the lemma is known as the awn.
181
What occurs during Stage 7 - Milk Grain?
The grain starts to fill with a white milky liquid that can be squeezed out. The top of the panicle bends gently in an arc, and the panicle and the 3 uppermost leaves are green.
182
What happens in Stage 8 - Dough Grain?
The milky portion of the grain turns into a soft then a hard dough. The panicle arches about 180 degrees at the tip and 90 degrees at the middle, and the grain turns yellow, making the whole field look yellowish. The last two remaining leaves of each tiller begin to dry at the tips.
183
What characterizes Stage 9 - Mature Grain?
The grains are fully developed, mature, hard, and yellow. A greater portion of the upper leaves are dry, and the panicles bend down.
184
What are spikelets composed of?
Spikelets are composed of the lemma, palea, and the enclosed flower, forming the floret.
185
What are the apiculi?
The extended tips of the lemma and palea are called the apiculi.
186
What is the awn?
The thin extension of the keel of the lemma is known as the awn.
187
What occurs during Stage 7 - Milk Grain?
The grain starts to fill with a white milky liquid that can be squeezed out. The top of the panicle bends gently in an arc, and the panicle and the 3 uppermost leaves are green.
188
What happens in Stage 8 - Dough Grain?
The milky portion of the grain turns into a soft then a hard dough. The panicle arches about 180 degrees at the tip and 90 degrees at the middle, and the grain turns yellow, making the whole field look yellowish. The last two remaining leaves of each tiller begin to dry at the tips.
189
What characterizes Stage 9 - Mature Grain?
The grains are fully developed, mature, hard, and yellow. A greater portion of the upper leaves are dry, and the panicles bend down.
190
What is a crop calendar?
A crop calendar is a picture of your rice growing season, detailing crop production from fallow, land preparation, crop establishment, and maintenance through harvest and storage.
191
What are the benefits of using a crop calendar?
Using a crop calendar allows for better planning of farm activities, organization of labor, and obtaining inputs such as seed and fertilizer, which decreases input costs and increases yields.
192
What crops are included in the Philippines crop calendar?
The crops included are Maize (Main), Maize (Second), Potatoes, Rice (Main), and Rice (Second).
193
What is the first step in creating a crop calendar?
Determine the best date to plant.
194
What should be marked on the crop calendar?
Mark the date of planting and when each other operation needs to be done.
195
What is the importance of determining the time from planting to harvest?
It helps in planning the crop calendar effectively.
196
Where should you place the crop calendar?
Pin the calendar in a prominent place to remind you when things need to be done.
