rio de janeiro Flashcards
(34 cards)
1
Q
where is rio?
A
in the south east region of brazil within the continent of south america
2
Q
what is the population of rio?
A
6.5 million, 2nd most populated city in the country after São Paulo
3
Q
why is rio important?
A
- has the 2nd largest gdp in brazil
- headquarters to many of brazil’s main companies, particularly with oil and gas
- christ the redeemer statue is one of the seven wonders of the world
- one of the most visited places in the southern hemisphere
- hosted the 2014 world cup and 2016 summer olympics
4
Q
where do migrants come to rio from and why?
A
- other parts of brazil e.g amazon basin where there is little access to facilities and services
- south korea and china seeking new business opportunities
- portugal, brazil’s former colonial power, becuase of common language
- skilled workers from usa and uk due to rio’s industry
5
Q
what are the social opportunities in rio?
A
- standard of living are gradually improving
- Rio Carnival is an important cultural event for traditional dancing and music
6
Q
what are the social challenges in rio?
A
- severe shortage of housing, schools and healthcare centres
- large scale social inequality which creates tensions between the rich and poor
7
Q
what are the economic opportunities in rio?
A
- has one of the highest incomes per person in the country
- has various types of employment including oil, retail and manufacturing
8
Q
what are the environmental opportunities in rio?
A
the hosting of the major sporting events encouraged more investment in sewage works and public transport systems
9
Q
what are the environmental challenges in rio?
A
favelas are established around the city, typically on unfavourable land, such as hills
10
Q
what are the economic challenges in rio?
A
- rise of informal jobs with low pay and no tax contributions
- high informal employment in favelas
11
Q
what are the causes of urban growth in rio?
A
- migration from china to set up trade
- migration from the amazon basin for jobs, education and healthcare
- natural increase (1.78 births per woman)
12
Q
which zone in rio is poor and which is wealthy?
A
the north zone is poor, the west zone is wealthy
13
Q
what social opportunities has urban growth created?
A
- access to health services (in Santa Maria medics visited homes to detect and treat diseases)
- access to education (99% literacy rate)
- water supply (95% of the population had mains water supply by 2014)
- energy (60km of new power lines installed)
14
Q
how is rio a stimulus for economic development?
A
- 2nd most important city in brazil
- provides 6% of brazil’s employment
- has one of the highest incomes per person in brazil
- many types of employment such as oil, retail, steel, tourism and construction
15
Q
what challenges has urban growth created?
A
- managing urban growth (slums, squatter settlements)
- providing clean water and sanitation systems (guanabara bay is very polluted, 200 tonnes of raw sewage and 50 tonnes of industrial waste pumped into the bay daily)
- providing energy (frequent blackouts due too people illegally tapping into supplies
- providing access to health services ( in 2013 only 55% of the city had access to family health clinics)
- providing access to education (only half of all children continue their education past 14 years old)
- reducing unemployment (recession im 2015, over 20% employment rate im favelas)
- reducing crime (robbery, drugs and violent crime)
16
Q
what are the environmental issues in rio?
A
- waste disposal (favelas are very mountainous - steep relief and narrow roads stop trucks from being able to collect the rubbish, most is dumped in the water and causes waterborne disease such as cholera)
- air pollution (causes 5000 deaths per year from heavy traffic giving off fumes and smog)
- water pollution (many of the 55 rivers flowing into guanabara bay are polluted)
- traffic congestion (car ownership has increased by over 40%, high crime means people prefer to travel by car, tunnels need building in the hills to increase accessibility)
17
Q
what are the construction issues in favelas?
A
- houses are poorly constructed due to being built illegally with basically materials such as iron, broken bricks and plastic sheets
- many favelas built on steep slopes and heavy rain from storms can cause landslides (in 2004, 224 people were killed and 13000 lost their homes when houses were swept away)
- limited road access due to steepness of slopes
18
Q
what are the service issues in favelas?
A
- in non improved favelas 12% of homes don’t have running water, over 30% have no electricity and 50% have no sewage
- many homes use illegal connectors to connect to electricity pylons
- sewers are often open drains
- drinking water is often obtained by tapping into the city water main, taps are often at the bottom of steep slopes and require several trips each day to fetch water
19
Q
what are the construction challenges in favelas?
A
- houses are poorly constructed as they were built illegally with basically materials, e.g iron, broken bricks, plastic sheets
- built on steep slopes and heavy rain from storms can cause landslides (in 2004, 224 people were killed and 13,000 lost their homes when houses were swept away)
- limited road access due to steepness of slopes
20
Q
what are the service challenges in favelas?
A
- in non improved fables, 12% of homes don’t have running water, over 30% have no electricity and 50% have no sewage
- many homes use illegal connectors to collect to electricity pylons
- sewers are often open drains
- drinking water often obtained by tapping into city water main, taps are at the bottom of steep slopes and require several trips each day to fetch water
21
Q
what are the unemployment challenges in favelas?
A
- unemployment rates are as high as 20%
- a lot of employment is poorly paid with irregular jobs in the informal sector
- average incomes may be less than £75 a month
22
Q
what are the crime challenges in favelas?
A
- high murder rate of 20 per 1000 people in many favelas
- drug gangs dominate many favelas
- many inhabitants distrust the police because of violence and corruption
23
Q
what are the health challenges in favelas?
A
- population densities of 37,000km²
- infant mortality rates as high as 50 per 1000
- waste cannot be disposed of and builds up in the street, increasing the danger of disease
- burning rubbish often sets fire to the wooden houses, smoke is harmful to health
24
Q
what is the favela bairro project?
A
a self help scheme set up in the 1990s to help improve life in the favelas and upgrade them rather than demolish them (this has happened in other locations)
25
how much money did city authorities set aside for improvements and how many favelas are they helping?
they set aside £200 million to improve 60 of the 600 favelas
26
how has housing been improved in favelas?
- local residents are provided with building materials like concrete blocks and cement in order to replace home-made shelters with permanent dwellings
- these are often 3 or 4 storeys high with water, electricity and sewage systems installed
- access to credit to buy materials to improve their homes
27
how have legal rights been improved in favelas?
- favela residents been granted rights to own their own properties
- low rents offered
- 100% mortgages available for people to buy their homes
28
how have transport systems been improved in favelas?
- transport systems extended to include the favelas to give residents the opportunity to travel to work in the city centre and industrial areas
- paved and formally named roads
- installation of a cable car system
29
how has law and order been proved in favelas?
- trying to rid them of crime and drug abuse
- federal ‘pacification programmes’ in several large favelas with police patrolling the community to help reduce crime
30
what are some other improvements made in favelas?
- access to water supplies and drainage systems to improve sanitation
- hillsides secured to prevent landslides, or people relocated (e.g to new town Barra da Tijuca, built 20km along the coastline)
- new health, leisure and education facilities built
31
has the favela bairro project been a success or a failure?
- it has been a success: quality of life, mobility and employment prospects have improved
- it has been recognised as a model by the UN and has been used in other brazilian cities
32
what are the problems of the favela bairro project?
- the budget of US$1 billion may not cover ever favela
- the newly built infrastructure is not being maintained
- residents lack the skills and resources to make repairs
- more training is needed to improve literacy and employment
- rents rise in the improved favelas and the poorest inhabitants are even worse off
33
what were the advantages of the 2014 olympic being held in rio?
- areas of the favelas were cleared and people were relocated to a new town (Campo Grande)
- improved services
- new facilities and infrastructure
- businesses benefitted due to increased revenue
34
what were the disadvantages of the 2014 olympics being held in rio?
- some people that were moved to the new homes felt that the new houses lacked a community feel
- campo grande is too far from the city
- the environment was not improved in preparation for the olympics and guanabara bay is still heavily polluted
