RISE Flashcards
(173 cards)
1
Q
radiation threshold and time for teratogenic effects
A
8-15 weeks
10 rads, 0.12 Gy
(late fetal period –> childhood cancer)
2
Q
LD 50/60
A
50% death in a population in 60 days, 4 Sv
3
Q
Acute radiation dose hematopoetic
A
8 Gy, week+
4
Q
Acute radiation dose GI
A
2 days, 10 Gy
5
Q
Acute radiation dose CVA
A
hours, 100 Gy, disoriented, coma, death
6
Q
Acute radiation dose n/v
A
10 Gy, 30 min, fever, diarhea, hypotension
7
Q
what to use for photos and high energy betas
A
pancake or geiger-Mueller detector
8
Q
what to use for survey wipes
A
gamma counter or liquid scintillation counter
9
Q
can dispose radioactive waste if:
A
stored >10 half lives, half life not greater than 120 days, survey of waste is negative, labels are removed
10
Q
Major spill i131
A
> 1 mCi
11
Q
Major spill Gallium
A
> 10 mCi
12
Q
Major spill Indium
A
> 10 mCi
13
Q
Major spill Tc99m
A
> 100mCi
14
Q
Major spill Thal
A
> 100mCi
15
Q
Traveling patients needs a letter stating
A
pharmaceutical, date of admin, amount and contact number
16
Q
Transportation category 1
A
white, less than 0.5 mR/hr, no transportation index
17
Q
Transportation category 2
A
yellow, less than 50 mR<hr>
18
Q
Transportation category 3
A
yellow <200 mR/hr, TI<10 at 1 meter
19
Q
personell dosimetry record
A
lifetime
20
Q
shipping and receiving record
A
3 years
21
Q
area and trash survery record
A
3 years
22
Q
public dose limit survery record
A
3 years
23
Q
unrestricted area dose
A
<2mrem/hr, <100mrem/days
24
Q
requirements to release I131 patient
A
<30 mCi admin, <7mrem/hr at 1 meter, exposure to others <0.5 rem, dose <0.5 rem, family member exposure total <0.5 rem, sleep separate 4 days, if rem >0.1 to family give written instructions
25
what constitutes a medical event
A. whole body dose >5 rem or organ dose >50 rem + >20% dose
| B. whole body dose >5 rem or organ dose >50 rem + either wrong drug, wrong route, wrong patient
26
who and when do u report a medical event
NRC in one day, written report 15 days, referring doc 24 hrs
27
total dose to fetus of pregnant employee
0.5 rem total after declaration or 0.05 rem/mon
28
what is in a written directive
drug, dosage, route
29
I131 in dialysis patient
give a lower dose after dialysis, dialysis tubing to stay in storage
30
how many half lives to store radioactive waste
10 half lives
31
chemical purity of Tc99
<10 microgm of Al per 1 ml
32
radionucleotide purity of Tc99
<0.15 microCu of Mo per 1 mCi of Tc
33
beast feeding - Tc99m MAA
pump mild for 24 hours
34
beast feeding - Tc99m MDP
Bone, 3 hrs
35
beast feeding - Tc99m MIBI
Cardiac 3hr
36
beast feeding - Tl-201
cardiac 48 hrs
37
beast feeding - I131
must cease
38
high radiation area dose
100 mrem/hr
39
occupational limit whole, organ, extremity, lens
5 /50/50/15 rem/yr
40
max wipe test
>6600 dpm/300 cm
41
examin package in what time
3 hours
42
which material has to sent back to manufacturor for decay
t1/2 > 120 days
43
what is constancy
measures instrument precision, demonstrated reproducible results, uses Cesium 137, DAILY <10%
44
what is linearity
Records the decay of the sample overtime and compares it to a calculation, This is done quarterly
45
What is accuracy
Tested across the entire energy spectrum to be encountered, completed annually <10%
46
What is geometry
Measures the ability to read accurately despite the size or geometry
47
what kind of equilibrium is MO/Tc99
transient equilibrium, product slightly shorter half life than parent
48
What is a recordable event
A medical event that does not meet the threshold dose
49
Daily QC for survey meters
cutie pies, geiger muller : batter, background, constancy
50
what type of device is a dose calibrator
ionization chamber, uses argon gas
51
what kind of device: cutie pies, geiger muller
ionization chamber
52
QC for Dose calibrator
CLAG, constancy daily, linearity quarterly, accuracy annually, geometry at installation
53
daily QC for a well counter and its use, made of
counts of samples/wipes, thallium sodium iodine crystal and PMP tubes; daily: energy peak, background, constancy
54
low, medium and high energy collimators for which
low - Tc99 med - In111, GA67 high i131
55
description of gamma camera crystal
NAI-Tl, 3/8 in, hygroscopic 40 photons --> 1keV
56
PMP tubules of gamma camera
converts light to electron impulses 10^7
57
gamma camera, where is window peak Tc99
20% window 140-/+ 14
58
collimator resolution/high energy characteristics
high resolution - longer holes, high energy - thick septa
59
pinhole collimator do to an image
invert, magnify
60
diverging collimator
large organ, lower final resolution and sensitivity
61
converging collimator
small organ, magnification, better resolution/sensitivity, fan/cone beam
62
Gamma/SPECT QC daily
energy peaking, extrinsic with flood
63
Gamma/SPECT QC weekly
intrinsic, spatial resol with 4 quadrant phantom
64
Gamma/SPECT QC quarterly
jaszczank phantom (overall system), tomographic uniformity
65
fetus dose per month
0.05 rem/mo
66
natural background radiation
0.3 rem
67
minor spill amount i131, tc99, thal, gal
tc99, thal <100 mCi, i131 <1mCi
68
who has to wear dosimeter
anyone with >10% of annual limit (5rem)
69
example of physicial purity
size distribution of Tc MAA
70
biological purity
microorganisms and pyrogens
71
how often do you do Mo breakthrough
on first eluate after receipt of generator
72
how many Bq of Mo per Tc99
<0.15 KBq Mo99 per MBq Tc99m
73
how long is MO99 contamination kept on record
3 years
74
SM-153 major vs minor spill
10 mCi
75
I-131 major vs minor spill
1 mCi
76
P-32 major vs minor spill
1 mCi
77
In-111 major vs minor spill
10 mCi
78
Ga-67 major vs minor spill
10 mCi
79
Tl-201 major vs minor spill
100 mCi
80
isotope vs isotone
isotope same protons and element C11 C14 C12, isotones same neutrons 14N, 13C
81
isotone vs isobars
isobars same atomic mass, isotone same neutrons
82
isomers
metastable 99mTc
83
which decay has the highest LET and Q factor
alpha decay, linear energy transfer, monoenergetic, stopped easily
84
which part of the chart undergoes B- decay
bottom of the chart, neutron rich, highest n/z ratio, isobaric decay, 1 Q factor (y90), after decay z becomes +1
85
which part of the chart undergoes B+ decay
left of the chart, low n/z ratio, PET imaging, isobaric, z becomes -1
86
besides B+ decay, what can an element with a low n/z undergo
electron capture, isobaric
87
how to calculate % decay, and amount left
e^ -0.693 x t
88
how to calculate effective half life
= 1/Tphysical + 1/Tbiological
89
how to calculate if exact number of half lives, amount left
(1/2)^x so after 4 half lives, 1/16 of N0 remains
90
main elements of Nuclear reactor and Cyclotron
U235 bombarded by neutrons, O18 bombarded by charged particles
91
what is the metal in the Tc99 generatory and what is the Tc99 reduced by
Mo-Aluminum Oxide, SnCl2
92
T1/2 of Mo and Tc, type of equilibrium
66 and 6 hours, transient
93
half life, decay, production of: Xe
reactor, 5 days, B-
94
half life, decay, production of: Mo
Fission, B-, 66 hours
95
half life, decay, production of: Tc
6 hours, Isomeric transition, generator, 140kEv
96
half life, decay, production of: Ga
electron capture, 78 hours, cyclotron, 4 kEv
97
half life, decay, production of: Tl201
70 hrs, EC, cyclotron
98
half life, decay, production of: In111
66 hours, EC, cyclotron, 170/270kEv
99
probability of photoelectric event
Z^3 / E^3 , absorbed by inner electron, outer electron move and cause characteristic radiation
100
probability of compton scatter
1/E, soft tissue, water, outer electron and scatter x-ray
101
probability of Pair production
energy > 1 MeV, enters near nuclear and exits positron and and electron ~ZE
102
what type of interaction is Y90
Bremsstrahlung - electron decelerates near nuclear and emits B
103
what type of interaction is PET
annihilation, positron and electron collide to give gamma rays
104
what is a roentgen
exposure in air, Coulomb/kg
105
what is a Rad/Gray
radiation absorbed dose in material per mass, Roentgen x QF, 1 Gray = 100 Rad
106
gray to rad
1 Gray = 100 Rad
107
QF of proton, neutron, alpha, gamma, beta, electron
beta/gamma/electron = 1, alpha=20, proton/neutron =10
108
what is a rem
radiation equivalent man uses tissues weighting factor 1 sievert = 100 rem
109
sievert to rem
1 sievert = 100 rem
110
what is TEDE
total effective dose equivalent - sum of organ REMs
111
what is a becquerel
1 disintegration per sec
112
what is a curie, relationship of curie to becquerel
curie = 4x10^10 d/s; 1 GBq = 27 mCi; sources of radiation
113
what is non-stochastic effects
deterministic, above a point you have symptoms
114
what is a stochastic effect
low level radiation exposure resulting in cancer
115
#1 and 2 radiation exposure
backgroun 50%, medical 48%, #1 radon/thoron #2 CT #3 nuclear medicine #4 flouro
116
what is the background exposure in the US/yr mRads and mSv
3 mSv, 300 mRads
117
what stops alpha, beta and gamma rays
alpha paper, beta few mm of substance, gamma concrete/lead
118
#1 and 2highers exposures in nuclear medicines
cardiac, FDG
119
effective dose of VQ
0.7 mSv
120
effective dose of FDG
14 mSv
121
effective dose of CXR
0.02 mSv
122
effective dose of mammo
0.4 mSv
123
effective dose of CTA
15 mSv
124
effective dose of CT liver
15 mSv
125
effective dose of CT head
2 mSv
126
effective dose of TIPS/PVE
60 mSv
127
how many agreement states
37, 15 NRC states
128
what is 10CFR20
standards for radiation protection
129
what is 10CFR30
licensing of products/materials
130
what is 10CFR35
medical uses of products
131
package at surface and 1 m
<200mR/hr and <10 mR/hr
132
what do you do with syringes and vials with residue
return to vendor
133
general public dose radiation limit
0.1 rem/y (1mSv)
134
any limit on releasing patients on Sr89, P32, Sm153
no
135
breast feeding when to resume?
wait 4 T1/2
136
breast feeding after Tc99
pump milk for 24 hours
137
most sensitive cell phases to radiation
M mitotic > G2 > G1 > S
138
most and least sensitive cells to radiations
lymphocytes, and neurons
139
what is used in the TLD and OSL
thermo lumi - LiF crystal, electron elevated and trapped, emits light when heated, Optically stimulated - AlOxide, emit light when exposed to laser,
140
what is max lifetime dose
10 x age mSv
141
what is HVL, for lead
0.3 mm at 140kEv, thickness to attenuate beam by 50%
142
7HVL, 10 HVL
reduces exposure to 1%, 0.1%
143
signs: radiation, high, very high
5, 100, 500 mrem/hr
144
total annual isotope waste in hot sink
1 Ci per year max
145
all doses must be within was % of the prescribed dose
20%
146
I-123 major vs minor spill
10 mCi
147
what is samarian 153 used for, half life
chronic bone pain, 2 days
148
unrestricted vs restricted area
2mrem/hr
149
radiation area
>5 mrem/hr
150
public exposure max
0.1 rem TEDE
151
how long does a Tc99 generator last
1week
152
what is Tc99 reduced by
SnCl2
153
what kind of equilibrium is Sn/Rb
secular equilib, parent half life much longer 25 days vs 76 seconds
154
risk for cancer determined by using
linear, quadratic model
155
nucleotide by active transport
Thal, Iodine
156
nucleotide by phagocytosis
sulfur colloid
157
nucleotide by capillary blockage
MAA albumin
158
nucleotide by chemisorption
F18, MDP
159
nucleotide by compartmentalization
labeled RBCs, CSF
160
nucleotide by metabolic trapping
FDG
161
nucleotide by passive diffusion
neurolite
162
nucleotide by excretion
MAG3, HIDA, DTPA
163
nucleotide by receptor binding
DaT, Octreotide
164
what does thin layer chromotography test for
radiochemical purity, free Tc in Tc99-MDP
165
what does colorimetry test for
chemical purity, Al in Tc99MDP
166
uptake mechanism Ga-citrate
binding transferring receptor and proteins
167
uptake mechanism of In-WBC
chemotaxis, and diapedesis
168
uptake mechanism I123 MIBG
type 1 uptake in presynaptic neurons
169
what is used in parkinsons, mechanism
I123 ioflupane, bind presynaptic dopamine receptors
170
study for B amyloid
F18 florbetapir
171
I123 half life
13 hrs, 159 kEv
172
critical organ thallium
kidneys
173
what tracer for parathyroid
sestamibi, mitochondrial retension
