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Rise of Nazism Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Wall Street Crash?

A

24th October 1929 known as “Black Thursday”

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2
Q

What were the immediate effects of the Wall Street Crash?

A

America pull back their loans from Germany who were dependent of them for the success of the German Economy
USA can no longer import German goods, 1929 - 1932 exports fell by 61%

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3
Q

Which areas were hit especially hard?

A

Industrial areas of the Ruhr, Silesia and Hamburg

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4
Q

How much of the population was unemployed by 1932?

A

1/3 of the population recorded but actually estimated to be around 8 million as women were often not recorded as workers

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5
Q

Which industry completely collapsed?

A

Agriculture and farming, prices plummeted and sales fell

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6
Q

Who was in government at the time of the crash?

A

Muller’s Grand Coalition. (SPD, DDP, Centre, DVP, BVP)

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7
Q

Who did the KPD target?

A

Unemployed instead of workers, offered “bread and freedom”
Offered food and uniforms in return for membership and vote

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8
Q

Who did the SPD target?

A

Workers and poor

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9
Q

Who did the NSDAP target?

A

Workers, farmers, middle class and industrial elites

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10
Q

What was the impact on women at the time?

A

Labelled and shamed “double earners” if they worked - law passed that women could be laid off in they were married 1932
Forced to abandon idea of new women - return to what they know about traditional roles out of fear

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11
Q

What was the impact of the Youth?

A

Likely to join Youth gangs out of boredom, lack of purpose and opportunity
Could have joined extremist groups for food, uniform and community
Might have gone to day centres to learn practical skill to prepare the work force

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12
Q

What was the impact on Jews?

A

Rising antisemitism - associated with crash as many banks and big industries were Jewish owned
Nazis using antisemitic propaganda and using them as a scapegoat for all Germany’s issues

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13
Q

What happened to Welfare during the depression?

A

Welfare budget overwhelmed so put down to local benefits which were less generous
1930: limited benefits being paid
Women and youth got smaller benefits then men

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14
Q

What social rates rose?

A

Tuberculosis and rickets due to malnutrition
Suicide rates
Mass evictions as people couldn’t pay their rent
Increase in shanty towns

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15
Q

What happened to glass making town, Brand-Erbsidorff?

A

Over half their population on benefits but many had been unemployed for more then 2 years so they no longer qualified and had to rely on local authority

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16
Q

What was the average daily diet of a German family in the depression?

A

6 potatoes
5 slices of bread
1 cabbage
1 spread of butter

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17
Q

What main issue that split the Grand Coalition?

A

The state budget deficit could not be divided effectively - DVP want to cut unemployment benefits, SPD want to raise benefits and increase taxes

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18
Q

When did Chancellor Müller resign?

A

March 1930

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19
Q

Who did Hindenburg appoint as the new Chancellor 1930?

A

Heinrich Brüning (Centre Party leader)

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20
Q

Who influenced Brüning’s decisions?

A

General Groener
General Kurt Von Schleicher
The army - Brüning had authoritarian leanings

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21
Q

How many Presidential Laws did Brüning pass in 1932?

A

66

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22
Q

What were the results of the September 1930 election

A

1st - SPD (143 deputies)
2nd - NSDAP (107 deputies)
3rd - KPD (77 deputies)
Increased political polarisation

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23
Q

What are the reasons for appeal of the Nazism?

A

Nazi Ideology
Hitler himself
Fear of communism
The depression
Failure of Weimar Constitution
Propaganda

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24
Q

Who funded the Nazi Ideology?

A

Fritz Thyssen and other industrialist elites

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25
What is the idea of a Führerprinzip in Nazi Ideology?
An authoritarian ruler
26
What is the idea of a Racial Community in Nazi Ideology?
"Volksgemeinschaft" meaning peoples community but really only Aryans were accepted as citizens of the state Idea of "New Man" and "New Woman" that maintain traditional values and recognised the importance of their strength, race and work "No social classes"
27
What is the idea of a Aggressive Nationalism in Nazi Ideology?
Abolition of the Treaty of Versailles Lebensraum (living space) which would requite further war Establish a ‘Greater German Reich’
28
What made Hitler himself appealing?
Charismatic and a great orator Manipulated his audience with tailored information given at speeches Speeches lasted ours of repeated lies
29
How did the Nazis show antisemitism?
SA chanted "down with the Jews" but Hitler typically focused on economic issues in the early years
30
Who was Joseph Goebbels?
Reich Propaganda Chief from 1928
31
What kinds of propaganda would the Nazis publish?
Different for separate groups, but ranged from newspapers, posters and pamphlets to rallies with songs and films
32
What was the Communist Ideology?
Revolution End benefit and wage cuts Legalise abortion Close cooperation of with the USSR End military spending Labelled SPD as social fascists "Bread and Freedom"
33
Who gave Communist propaganda speeches?
Ernst Thälmann
34
What was the Communist percentage of the votes in the Nov '32 election?
16.9%
35
What were the weaknesses of Communists?
Communists trying to function in a capitalist society - no funds Membership turnover high, more than 50% of its new members in 1932 left within a few months Support contained to industrial areas
36
What was Chancellor Brüning's nickname?
The Hunger Chancellor
37
Why did Brüning have that nickname?
He cute benefits and wages in hopes to raise govt money but it failed
38
How many people were unemployed in 1932?
6 million
39
Why did Brüning impose a SA ban in 1932? And why did it cause Schleicher to resign?
They were becoming to violent - however this caused Schleicher to withdraw support out of fear of Nazi uprising as a result of the ban (and what the govt was turning into to)
40
Why did Hitler refuse to join the Coalition government?
In talks with Schleicher, Hitler refused to join unless he was appointed chancellor, something that Schleicher was not willing to do
41
When did Chancellor Brüning resign?
May 1932
42
On what terms did Hitler agree to not oppose new government after Brüning?
New Reichstag election SA ban lifted
43
Who became the new Chancellor after Brüning?
Franz Von Papen (Defence Minister: Schleicher)
44
Who was Von Papen?
A member of the Centre Party but was anti-democratic
45
When did Von Papen lift ban on SA?
June 1932 (this regained support of Nazis)
46
What did Von Papen's "Cabinet of Barons" look like?
2 DNVP members The rest were non-politicians, land owning, industrial elites
47
What happened 17th July in Altona?
Massive clash between SA and communists where 100s injured and 18 communists died
48
How did Von Papen exploit the events in Altona?
He blamed the SPD led Prussian govt and declared a "State-of-Emergency" so that he can become Prussian Reich Commissioner Prussian Civil Service purged of SPD supporters - Even with the support of Hindenburg, this went way beyond his constitutional powers
49
Why did Nazi support drop from the July to November '32 elections?
Many middle class voters had been alienated by Hitler’s attacks on Papen after he asked him to join the coalition and he refused so turned to DVP and DNVP
50
Who resigned November 1932?
Franz Von Papen as the Reichstag hated him and army's faith in him had dwindled
51
Who was in Hindenburg's inner circle?
Kurt Von Schleicher, Oskar Von Hindenburg and Dr Otto Meissner
52
Why did Schleicher ask Hindenburg to become Chancellor?
He believed her could persuade the Nazis to join a coalition - had talks with Gregor Stresser (Nazi Party organiser) but when Hitler found out, Stresser's position was revoked Schleicher failed
53
What was Schleicher's social policy?
Bruning’s wage and benefit cuts cancelled Considered large-scale job creation Breaking up estates to give land to farmers - Rich industrialist land owners, conservatives and trade unionist didn't take to his policies
54
After his failed social policy, what did Schleicher do?
Ask President Hindenburg to suspend the constitution, dissolve the Reichstag and give him dictatorial powers - he refused so Schleicher resigned
55
What was Backstairs Intrigue?
After the events with Schleicher, Papen and Hitler had discussions of forming a govt President's inner circle agreed but Hindenburg had his doubts Papen and Oskar H assured Hindenburg that they could use Hitler as a Chancellor puppet and he would not be in control
56
When did Hitler become chancellor?
30th January 1933
57
How many of Hitler's ministers were Nazis?
3/12
58
How did Hitler celebrate becoming Chancellor?
Hitler stood on the balcony of Reich chancellery to review a torchlight procession by around 100,000 Nazi members throughout the streets of Berlin. Organised by Joseph Goebbels To show that Hitler’s appointment as chancellor was not going to be a normal change of government Historic break of the past and start of ‘National Revolution
59
By January '34, how many members of the SA were there?
3 million
60
Who did the SA target in '33?
Trade union and KPD offices and left-wing politicians’ homes SPD newspaper banned after condemning such killings Centre Party newspapers banned after criticising the Nazi regime - All crimes ignored by the police
61
When was the the first concentration camp for Communists, socialists, trade unionists?
8th March: Dachau (made out of an old factory) – could house 5000 people
62
When did Hitler get Hindenburg to dissolve the Reichstag?
January 1933
63
When was the Reichstag fire?
27th February 1933
64
Who was arrested for the Reichstag fire?
Marinus van der Lubbe - people suspicious it was a Nazi plot to justify introducing violent and repressive methods for communists
65
When was the The Decree of the Reich President for the Protection of the People and the State passed?
28th February 1933
66
What did Hitler manage to convince Hindenburg to let him have as a result of the Reichstag fire?
"Emergency" powers meaning: Could censor any publication (ban newspapers) Violence against communists practically legalised
67
What new advancements did the police have because of Hitler?
Could enter and search premises Could Arrest communists for no reasons (and they did, 10000 in 2 weeks)
68
What percentage of the vote did the NSDAP have in March '33?
43.9%
69
What statistic of the majority would Hitler need to pass the Enabling Act?
2/3 of the Reichstag
70
How long was the Enabling Act suppose to last?
4 years
71
What was the Enabling Act?
Could make domestic laws and foreign treaties without Reichstag approval and reference to the President
72
When was the Enabling Act passed?
March 23rd 1933
73
What was the process of Gleichschaltung
Hitler laying the foundations of a Nazi dictatorship

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