Risk Factors (SPFGP)

Question 1

What can some people inherit according to the genetic vulnerability risk factor?

Answer 1

A vulnerability to Addiction

Question 2

What is ‘genetic vulnerability’ explained as being

Answer 2

An interaction between genes and environment

Question 3

Why does a genetic vulnerability specifically involve environmental factors

Answer 3

A person cannot become addicted without exposure to the substance/opportunity

Question 4

What are the two reasons a genetic vulnerability may occur

Answer 4

D2 Receptors and Metabolism

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter are D2 receptors responsible for communicating with

Answer 5

Dopamine

Question 6

What is the neurotransmitter dopamine involved in the feelings of

Answer 6

Pleasure and Reward

Question 7

The what of D2 receptors is determined by genetics

Answer 7

Amount

Question 8

Have what D2 receptors has been associated with addiction

Answer 8

FEWER

Question 9

Why does have fewer D2 receptors contribute to addiction

Answer 9

More difficult to receive pleasure from everyday activities/substances

Question 10

What is an example of an everyday substance a person with fewer D2 receptors may struggle to find from pleasure from

Answer 10

Chocolate

Question 11

What do people with fewer D2 receptors turn to as they can’t feel pleasure from everyday things

Answer 11

More addictive substances such as nicotine

Question 12

Why do people with fewer D2 receptors turn to more addictive substances such as nicotine

Answer 12

To compensate for their Deficiency

Question 13

People with fewer d2 receptors turn to more addictive substances like nicotine to compensate for their deficiency. What does this ultimately lead to?

Answer 13

Addiction due to repeated use

Answer 14

Addiction due to repeated use

Question 15

An individual’s rate of metabolism is determined by what

Answer 15

Inherited Genes

Question 16

Why would someone with a faster metabolism be more prone to developing an addiction

Answer 16

They are able to break down addictive substances quicker than people with slow metabolisms

Question 17

Why do people with faster metabolisms eventually become addicted

Answer 17

They need more of a substance to have the same effect

Question 18

People with fast metabolisms need more of a substance to feel its effects. What does this lead to

Answer 18

Overuse and thus addiction

Question 20

What is stress in terms of addiction?

Answer 20

A state of arousal

Question 21

When does stress occur in people in regards to addiction

Answer 21

When they feel like they cannot cope

Question 22

Why might people who are stressed turn to addictive substances/behaviours

Answer 22

To ‘self-medicate’

Question 23

What 2 experiences have been linked with an increased likelihood of developing an addiction

Answer 23

1. Periods of long-lasting stress
2. Traumatic life events in childhood

Question 24

Which 2 researchers found that severe stress have damaging effects on young brains which creates a vulnerability to future stress

Answer 24

Anderson and Teicher

Question 25

According to Anderson & Treicher, what does this vulnerability to later stress increase the likelihood of

Answer 25

A person self-medicating by using addictive substances/behaviours

Question 26

What do Psychologists agree that there is no such thing as in regards to addiction

Answer 26

An "Addictive Personality"

Question 27

Whilst psychologists deny the existence of an addictive personality, what have they agreed upon

Answer 27

Some traits can increase addiction likelihood

Question 28

Which personality disorder has been shown to lead to a high vulnerability to addiction

Answer 28

Anti-Social Personality Disorder ( APD )

Question 29

What is APD characterised by

Answer 29

Impulsivity and rule breaking

Question 30

Which researcher conducted research into personality traits associated with addiction

Answer 30

Clodinger

Question 31

What did clodinger propose

Answer 31

3 innate dimensions associated with addiction

Question 32

What were Clodinger's 3 innate dimensions?

Answer 32

Novelty seeking Inhibited harm avoidance Increased reward dependency (don't need to know)

Question 33

How did cldoinger measure the 3 innate dimensions?

Answer 33

Through questionnaires

Question 34

What were the names of the 2 questionnaires clodinger used?

Answer 34

1. Clodinger's Temperament 2. Character inventory

Question 35

According to Clodinger, novelty seeking is the tendency to get what

Answer 35

Intensely excited in response to new stimuli

Question 36

What do 'novelty seekers' do according to Clodinger

Answer 36

Continuously seek new, more extreme experiences

Question 37

What is an inhibited harm avoidance characterised by

Answer 37

A lack of inhibitions, worry and fear

Question 38

What do people with inhibited harm avoidance tend to ignore

Answer 38

Consequences of using addictive substances/ behaviours

Question 39

What can family members have an effect on through a person's development

Answer 39

Their thoughts, feelings and emotions

Question 40

What is one family influence that can create a vulnerability to addiction

Answer 40

Perceived parental approval

Question 41

Within perceived parental approval, why may a person be more susceptible to developing an addiction

Answer 41

Because they believe their parents have a positive attitude towards a substance/behaviour

Question 42

Which researcher found that high school students who were allowed to drink at home were more likely to drink excessively at college

Answer 42

Livingstone et al