Rivers, Floods And Managment

Question 0

What is vegetation storage?

Answer 0

Water that is stored in plants.

Question 1

What does Transpiration mean?

Answer 1

Evaporation of water from plants.

Question 2

The definition of Evaporation is?

Answer 2

Water that is heated by the sun and turns it in to water vapour.

Question 3

Define the term stem flow?

Answer 3

Water running down stems and branches during and after rainfall to reach the ground.

Question 4

Precipitation is…?

Answer 4

Water in any form that falls from the atmosphere. (Snow, rain, hail)

Question 5

What does interception mean?

Answer 5

Process where rain is prevented from directly reaching the ground, can evolve vegetation.

Question 6

Explain ground water storage?

Answer 6

When water is stored underground.

Question 7

Infiltration is defined by…?

Answer 7

The soaking of water in to the soil (ground)

Question 8

What does surface storage mean?

Answer 8

Where water is stored in places, such as lakes, reservoirs and puddles!

Question 9

Define ground water flow?

Answer 9

Movement of water flowing slow below water table through permeable soil.

Question 10

What is Percolation?

Answer 10

This is where water moves vertically down through soil in to the water table.

Question 11

Through flow is…?

Answer 11

Water in soil flows down slopes and hills due to gravity.

Question 12

What is mean by channel storage?

Answer 12

Volume of water held in a river in the drainage basin.

Question 13

River runoff mean?

Answer 13

All water entering a river eventually flows out of the drainage basin.

Question 14

What’s actual Evapotranspiration (AET)?

Answer 14

Amount of water lost at the time of evaporation and transpiration.

Question 15

What is potential Evapotranspiration (PET)?

Answer 15

Amount of water lost assuming a continual supply of water is given.

Question 16

Soil moisture utilization (U) is…?

Answer 16

When vegetation uses water stored as soil (common in winter).

Question 17

What is mean by soil moisture surplus (S)?

Answer 17

When precipitation is greater than AET.

Question 18

Explain soil moisture density (D)?

Answer 18

When there is NOT enough water for vegetation to survive.

Question 19

Define soil moisture recharge (R)?

Answer 19

When there is enough precipitation to restore.

Question 20

Field capacity is when…?

Answer 20

Maximum capacity of soil in terms of water.

Question 21

What’s peak discharge?

Answer 21

This is the highest point on the graph when the river is at its greatest.

Question 22

Lag time???

Answer 22

The delay between peak rainfall and peak discharge.

Question 23

Part of the hydrograph that increases up to the peak discharge?

Answer 23

Rising limb.

Question 24

Part of the hydrograph that decreases after peak discharge?

Answer 24

Falling limb.

Question 25

What 7 physical factors affect the storm hydrograph?

Answer 25

``` 1. Drainage Basin characteristics (size, shape) 2. Antecedent Conditions 3. Rock Type 4. Soil Type 5. Vegetation 6. Precipitation 7. Temperature ```

Question 26

What 2 main human factors affect the storm hydrograph?

Answer 26

1. Urbanized impermeable rock (concrete) | 2. Man made drainage systems

Question 27

What are the 5 main river erosion happens?

Answer 27

1. Hydraulic action 2. Abrasion 3. Attrition 4. Corrosion 5. Cavitation

Question 28

What are the 4 ways a river transports its load?

Answer 28

1. Solution 2. Suspension 3. Saltation 4. Traction

Question 29

What are the 3 processes the Hjulstrom curve graph?

Answer 29

1. Erosion 2. Transportation 3. Deposition

Question 30

What is a drainage basin?

Answer 30

Area of land, bordered by a watershed, drained by a river and its tributaries

Question 31

What is the watershed?

Answer 31

Boundaries of a drainage basin

Question 32

How does precipitation lead to flooding?

Answer 32

1. Prolonged rainfall or heavy rainfall. | 2. Snow acting as a store of water then melting

Question 33

What is overland flow?

Answer 33

This is rapid form of water transfer over the surface of the ground

Question 34

When will overland flow most likely happen?

Answer 34

1. During heavy periods of rainfall | 2. When the soil has become completely saturated.

Question 35

What is permeable rock?

Answer 35

Rock which can absorb water or allow water to pass through the cracks and joints

Question 36

What does vegetation do yo water transfer and why?

Answer 36

Vegetation slows it down. Some water is lost by evaporates purgation while some water is used for plant growth.

Question 37

What causes a high runoff?

Answer 37

1. Lack of trees 2. Saturated soil 3. Impermeable rock

Question 38

What is impermeable rock?

Answer 38

Rock which cannot absorb water

Question 39

Factors effecting the rivers discharge?

Answer 39

1. Distance downstream 2. Climate change 3. Land use 4. Water absorption 5. Channel modification

Question 40

What is a storm hydrograph?

Answer 40

A graph that shows the discharge of a river following a storm event.

Question 41

The amount of energy available in a river to do 'work' depends on.....

Answer 41

1. Height the water has to descend (gravity) | 2. The mass of the water available

Question 42

When the water starts to move downhill________energy is conveyed in to ________energy.

Answer 42

1. First Potential | 2. Converted in to kinetic

Question 43

What is the rivers load?

Answer 43

The sediment carried by a river.

Question 44

What is solution?

Answer 44

The transport of chemicals dissolved in the water. e.g. Calcium carbonate

Question 45

What is suspension?

Answer 45

Fine grained silts and mud which is carried in the main body of the water. (Makes the river look muddy and murky).

Question 46

What is traction?

Answer 46

Large material rolling along the river bed. E.g. Boulders.

Question 47

What is saltation?

Answer 47

Material moving in a series of small bounces along the river bed (leapfrog!!) e.g. Pebbles

Question 48

What even is erosion?

Answer 48

The picking up and removal of material in the river

Question 49

When does erosion occur?

Answer 49

When the river has surplus energy available.

Question 50

What is abrasion?

Answer 50

When particles of rock carried by the river scrape away at the river bed and banks. This dislodges rock to add to the load of the river (sandpaper effect).

Question 51

What is hydraulic action?

Answer 51

When the power of moving water is able to dislodge loose particles of rock from the riverbed or banks.