RIZAL Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
What is Language?
A
A mean of communication using sounds, signs, and symbols.
Language helps establish relationships and convey information about the speaker.
2
Q
What are the functions of language?
A
- Medium of Expression
- Identity
- Keeping the Record
- Literature
- Connectivity
- Constituent of Social Life
- Power of Thought
3
Q
How does language help in identity?
A
Language gives identity to nations, e.g., France from French, England from English, Germany from German.
Names of nations often derive from their dominant languages.
4
Q
What is the difference between Communication, Conversation, Collaboration, and Co-creation?
A
- Communication: One-way communication
- Conversation: Two-way communication
- Collaboration: Thinking, planning, making decisions
- Co-creation: Joint activity, making, doing
5
Q
What is Culture?
A
The full range of learned human behavior patterns, including beliefs, customs, and material objects.
Culture binds society together and includes manners, morals, tools, and techniques.
6
Q
What are the components of culture?
A
- Symbols
- Language
- Values and Beliefs
- Norms
- Material Culture
7
Q
Define Symbols in culture.
A
Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
The meaning of symbols can vary between societies and over time.
8
Q
What are Prescriptive Rules in language?
A
Edicts about what we should and should not do when using language.
Examples include rules on sentence structure and verb agreements.
9
Q
What are Descriptive Rules in language?
A
Statements about what is normal in language use, detailing how native speakers use their language.
They describe language structure rather than regulate it.
10
Q
What is Morphology?
A
The study of the internal structure of words in language.
It involves morphemes, which are the building blocks of words.
11
Q
What are Free Morphemes?
A
Simple words that can stand alone, e.g., tree, work.
They consist of one morpheme.
12
Q
What are Bound Morphemes?
A
Compound morphemes that cannot stand alone, usually formed with affixes.
Examples include prefixes and suffixes.
13
Q
What is Syntax?
A
The study of the grammatical structure of words and phrases to create coherent sentences.
Syntax is essential for forming clear ideas.
14
Q
What are the parts of a sentence?
A
- Subject
- Predicate
15
Q
Define Semantics.
A
The study of word meanings and the emotions or expressions associated with them.
It involves understanding connotation and denotation.
16
Q
What is Pragmatics?
A
The study of how context affects meaning in language.
It includes the interpretation of sentences based on situational context.
17
Q
What is Phonology?
A
The study of sound systems in a language and how speech sounds are organized.
Phonology divides sounds into phonemes.
18
Q
What are Micro Linguistic and Macro Linguistic studies?
A
- Micro Linguistic: Focuses on structures of the language system
- Macro Linguistic: Examines language acquisition and its functions
19
Q
What defines High Culture?
A
Cultural patterns that distinguish a society’s elite.
It is not inherently superior to popular culture.
20
Q
What is a Counterculture?
A
Cultural patterns that strongly oppose widely accepted norms within a society.
Countercultures reject many standards of the dominant culture.
21
Q
What is phonology?
A
The study of the functions of speech sounds in a language.
22
Q
Define morphology in linguistics.
A
The study of the construction and formation of words, breaking words into morphemes.
23
Q
What does syntax study?
A
The relationship between linguistic forms and how they are arranged in sequence.
24
Q
What is the focus of semantics?
A
The relationships between linguistic forms and their meanings.
25
Define pragmatics.
The study of the relationship between linguistic forms and the users of those forms.
26
What does psycholinguistics examine?
The mental structures and processes involved in the acquisition, comprehension, and production of language.
27
What is the main focus of sociolinguistics?
The relations between language and society, including how social factors influence language.
28
Define neurolinguistics.
The study of language processing and representation in the brain.
29
What does discourse analysis study?
How stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose, and unity.
30
What is computational linguistics?
The application of linguistic theories and computational techniques to natural language processing.
31
What is applied linguistics?
The study of how linguistics can help understand real-life problems in various fields.
32
True or False: Language is only a key component of communication.
False.
33
What does the power of language allow individuals to do?
Contribute to the community.
34
According to Fairclough, how is power constructed in society?
Through both coercive means and indirect ways, such as language.
35
What role does ideology play in language?
It shapes beliefs and convictions regarding the evaluation of language forms.
36
Define language acquisition.
The process whereby children become speakers of their native language.
37
List two key theories of language acquisition.
* Behaviorist Theory
* Universal Grammar Theory
38
What is the behaviorist view of language acquisition?
Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement.
39
What is operant conditioning?
A learning process where behavior is modified by reinforcement.
40
What does Universal Grammar Theory propose?
All children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.
41
What is the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?
An innate mental capacity that helps children process language.
42
What is Krashen’s Monitor Theory?
Adults develop language competence through both subconscious acquisition and conscious learning.
43
What is Schumann’s Acculturation Theory?
The impact of social forces and attitudes on language learning.
44
What is the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures?
* Individualistic: Emphasizes the individual
* Collectivist: Emphasizes group goals
45
What does Vygotsky's theory focus on?
The influence of social interactions and cultural experiences on language development.
46
Define social norms.
Rules that govern expected behavior within a society.
47
What is a speech community?
A group of people who share norms for communication and interpretation of speech.
48
Who is Ferdinand de Saussure?
A Swiss linguist who laid the foundation for modern linguistics and semiotics.
49
What is semiotics?
The study of signs and their use or interpretation.
50
What are the components of a sign according to Saussure?
* Signifier
* Signified
51
What does the term 'langue' refer to?
The system of language as a whole.
52
What is the significance of synchrony and diachrony?
They refer to the study of signs at a specific time and through time, respectively.
53
What is semiotics?
The study of signs and their use
## Footnote
Semiotics involves the interpretation of signs and symbols in communication.
54
Who first used the term 'semiotics'?
John Locke in the 17th century
55
Who defined a sign as 'something which stands to somebody for something'?
Charles Sanders Peirce
56
What are the three main types of signs according to Peirce?
* Icons
* Indices
* Symbols
57
Define 'Langue'.
The whole system of language that precedes and makes speech possible
58
Define 'Parole'.
The concrete physical manifestation of the abstract langue that exists in mind
59
What is the difference between Langue and Parole?
* Langue is social and abstract
* Parole is individual and concrete
60
What does the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggest?
Language has power and can control how you see the world
61
What are the two basic components of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
* Linguistic Determinism
* Linguistic Relativity
62
What is Linguistic Determinism?
The idea that language may determine our thinking patterns
63
What is the difference between strong and weak determinism?
* Strong determinism: Language directly determines thought
* Weak determinism: Language influences but does not define thought
64
Define Linguistic Relativity.
The concept that people who speak different languages perceive and think about the world differently
65
What is a language variety?
A specific language or specific form of language used by a particular community
66
What is a LECT in sociolinguistics?
A variety of language or language cluster
67
What are examples of language varieties?
* Dialects
* Accents
* Registers
* Styles
68
Define Standard Language.
The mode of usage of most educated speakers of a language, established as the prestigious form
69
What is a Non-Standard Language?
Varieties of language that differ from the established norms of grammar and pronunciation
70
What is a Dialect?
A variety of a language characteristic of a particular group of speakers
71
What is a Regional Dialect?
A dialect formed when linguistic differences accumulate in a particular geographic region
72
What is a Sociolect?
A variety of language that reflects social variation in language use
73
What factors affect a Sociolect?
* Social Class
* Religion
* Education
* Profession
* Caste
* Age
* Gender
74
What is an Idiolect?
A variety of a language unique to an individual
75
What is a Register?
A variety of language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting
76
List the types of language register.
* Frozen
* Formal
* Consultative
* Casual
* Intimate
77
What is Jargon?
Special technical vocabulary associated with a specific area of work or interest
78
Define Pidgin.
A simple speech-form used as a means of communication among people who do not share a common language
79
What is Creole?
A stable natural language that has developed from a pidgin
80
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex is biological; gender is socially and psychologically constructed
81
What did Giddens (1989) define as the difference between sex and gender?
Sex is biological differences; gender concerns psychological, social, and cultural differences
82
According to Butler (1990), how is gender defined?
Gender is not something we are born with, but something we do – something we perform
83
What is the definition of sex?
Sex is designation based on biology.
84
What is the definition of gender?
Gender is socially and psychologically constructed by the process of interactions in family, social, and educational settings.
85
What are the biological differences that define sex?
Chromosomes, hormonal profile, internal and external sex organs.
86
What is gender identity?
An individual’s feeling about, relationship with, and understanding of genders as it pertains to their sense of self.
87
True or False: Gender identity is always related to the sex assigned at birth.
False
88
What is gender expression?
External presentation of one’s gender identity through behavior, clothing, haircut, or voice.
89
Define gender binary.
A conceptual framework that defines gender as consisting solely of two categories: woman and man.
90
What does cisgender mean?
Relating to a person whose gender identity corresponds with the sex they were assigned at birth.
91
What does transgender refer to?
Relating to a person whose gender identity differs from the sex they were assigned at birth.
92
What is a nonbinary individual?
A person who does not identify solely as either a woman or a man.
93
Define gender fluid.
Relating to individuals whose identity shifts among genders.
94
What is agender?
Relating to a person who does not identify with any gender or identifies as neutral.
95
According to Keith and Shuttleworth (2008), how do women generally communicate?
Women talk more than men, are more polite, and are more cooperative.
96
According to Keith and Shuttleworth (2008), how do men generally communicate?
Men swear more, dominate conversations, and speak with more authority.
97
What is the primary focus of Deborah Tannen's research on gender and language?
Differences in communication styles between men and women.
98
What is sexism in language?
Ideas and practices that downgrade women relative to men.
99
List the three broad types of sexist language identified by Henley (1987).
* Language that ignores women or makes them invisible
* Language that defines women narrowly
* Language that derogates women
100
What does the term 'generic masculine' refer to?
The use of masculine forms when referring to people in general.
101
What is semantic derogation?
The process where women acquire demeaning or sexual connotations in language.
102
What is the significance of the term 'ethnicity'?
Ethnicity refers to people thought to have common ancestry who share a distinctive culture.
103
What is a multilingual person?
One who can communicate in more than one language.
104
What is the difference between additive and subtractive multilingualism?
* Additive: Learning a second language does not interfere with the first
* Subtractive: Learning a second language replaces the first
105
What is simultaneous bilingualism?
Learning two languages as first languages from birth.
106
What is sequential bilingualism?
Learning one language after already knowing another.
107
What is receptive bilingualism?
The ability to understand a second language but not speak it.
108
True or False: Multilingualism is becoming less common in today's society.
False
109
What is the relationship between ethnicity and language?
Language is often the most important marker of ethnicity.
110
What does the term 'polyglot' refer to?
A person who speaks several languages.
111
What is the meaning of 'social bilingualism'?
The concept involving groups that speak different languages and the reasons behind their bilingualism.
112
What is simultaneous bilingualism?
Receiving language input from two different languages at the same time since a very early age or even since birth.
## Footnote
It contrasts with sequential bilingualism.
113
What is the difference between simultaneous and sequential bilingualism?
Simultaneous: Two languages in the same environments.
Sequential: Two languages in different contexts.
## Footnote
Simultaneous bilinguals learn both languages at the same time; sequential learners acquire one language after the other.
114
What is coordinated bilingualism?
Spending equal time in separate instruction of the native language and of the community language.
## Footnote
L1 refers to basic literacy, while L2 refers to specific skills.
115
What is the maximal definition of multilingualism?
Speakers are equally proficient in one language as they are in others and have equal knowledge and control over all languages.
## Footnote
This definition emphasizes proficiency across all languages.
116
What is the minimal definition of multilingualism?
Based on use; for example, a tourist who can communicate phrases in a foreign language is considered bilingual.
## Footnote
This definition focuses on practical communication rather than proficiency.
117
What is bilingualism as an individual attribute?
A psychological state of an individual who has access to two language codes for communication purposes.
## Footnote
It emphasizes personal capability rather than societal factors.
118
What is bilingualism as a societal attribute?
Two languages are used in a community, and a number of individuals can use both languages.
## Footnote
This definition considers the broader context of language use in society.
119
What are compound bilinguals?
Bilinguals whose words and phrases in different languages correspond to the same concepts.
## Footnote
Example: ‘chien’ and ‘dog’ for a French-English speaker.
120
What are coordinate bilinguals?
Bilinguals who have different associations for words in each language, often with one language being more dominant.
## Footnote
They may think in their first language when using the second language.
121
What is a subordinate bilingual?
A typical beginning second language learner who relies heavily on their first language.
## Footnote
This subgroup struggles with fluency in the second language.
122
What is diglossia?
A structural functional distribution of languages where one language is used in informal contexts and another in formal situations.
## Footnote
Common in regions with a distinct regional language and a state language.
123
What is ambilingualism?
A region where functional distribution of languages is not observed, making it unpredictable which language will be used.
## Footnote
In ambilingual areas, language use is highly variable.
124
What is bipart-lingualism?
An area where more than one language is spoken, but the majority of speakers are monolingual.
## Footnote
These areas have limited interaction among different language speakers.
125
What is the difference between elite and folk bilinguals?
Elite bilinguals choose to have a bilingual home to enhance social status; folk bilinguals develop second language skills under less favorable conditions.
## Footnote
Folk bilinguals often face societal devaluation of their native language.
126
What is the difference between early and late bilinguals?
Early bilinguals acquire two languages early in childhood; late bilinguals become bilingual later in life.
## Footnote
Timing of language acquisition can significantly affect proficiency.
127
What are balanced bilinguals?
Individuals whose mastery of two languages is roughly equivalent.
## Footnote
They can use both languages with similar proficiency.
128
What are dominant bilinguals?
Individuals with greater proficiency in one language and who use it significantly more than the other.
## Footnote
This can lead to imbalances in language skills.
129
What is receptive bilingualism?
The ability to understand two languages but express oneself in only one.
## Footnote
This situation is common but not typically considered 'true' bilingualism.
130
What is additive bilingualism?
The learning of a second language does not interfere with the first language, allowing both to be well developed.
## Footnote
This is seen as a positive approach to language acquisition.
131
What is subtractive bilingualism?
The learning of a second language interferes with the first language, potentially replacing it.
## Footnote
This can lead to loss of proficiency in the first language.
132
What are successive bilinguals?
Individuals who learn one language after already knowing another, often seen in adult learners.
## Footnote
Also known as consecutive bilingualism.
133
What are simultaneous bilinguals?
Individuals who learn two languages as 'first languages' from birth.
## Footnote
This learning occurs without prior exposure to any language.
