RMP Practice Theology Exam Flashcards
(276 cards)
1
Q
Name the two types of revelation? What is the purpose of each?
A
General Revelation (revealed in nature to all people) and Special Revelation (God’s specific revelation, such as Scripture); Purpose: General reveals God’s existence and attributes, Special reveals His will and the way of salvation (WCF 1.1, 1.6).
2
Q
What is the canon? How is it determined?
A
The canon is the collection of inspired books that make up the Bible, determined by their divine inspiration and their apostolic or prophetic origin (WCF 1.2-1.3).
3
Q
What is meant by inspiration?
A
Inspiration refers to the process by which God, through the Holy Spirit, guided human authors to write Scripture without error (WCF 1.8).
4
Q
Define and distinguish between inerrancy and infallibility?
A
Inerrancy means the Bible is free from error in everything it affirms, and infallibility means it is incapable of failing in its purpose (WCF 1.9).
5
Q
What is meant by ‘good and necessary consequence?’
A
‘Good and necessary consequence’ refers to the logical deductions and implications from Scripture that must be true, even if not explicitly stated (WCF 1.6).
6
Q
What are the attributes of Scripture? Give a brief definition of each attribute.
A
Attributes: Authority (God’s Word as final), Clarity (clear in essentials), Necessity (needed for salvation), Sufficiency (contains all needed for faith and life) (WCF 1.4-1.8).
7
Q
Define illumination. How is illumination different from revelation?
A
Illumination is the Holy Spirit’s work in helping believers understand and apply Scripture; Revelation is God’s act of revealing Himself and His will (WCF 1.6, 1.9).
8
Q
What is meant by ‘rule of faith?’
A
‘Rule of faith’ means Scripture is the final authority for belief and practice (WCF 1.10).
9
Q
Define the doctrine of Sola Scriptura.
A
Sola Scriptura means Scripture alone is the supreme authority in matters of faith and life (WCF 1.6).
10
Q
What is meant by Tota Scriptura?
A
Tota Scriptura refers to the entirety of Scripture as authoritative, not just parts of it (WCF 1.6).
11
Q
What is God?
A
God is a spirit, infinite, eternal, and unchangeable in His being, wisdom, power, holiness, justice, goodness, and truth (WCF 2.1).
12
Q
Define and distinguish between the communicable and incommunicable attributes of God.
A
Communicable attributes are those God shares with humans (e.g., love, justice), while incommunicable attributes are unique to God (e.g., omniscience, omnipotence) (WCF 2.1-2.2).
13
Q
What is meant by immutability?
A
Immutability means God is unchanging in His nature, character, and will (WCF 2.1).
14
Q
What is meant by impassibility?
A
Impassibility means God does not experience emotions in a way that changes Him or affects His essence (WCF 2.1).
15
Q
What is meant by immensity?
A
Immensity refers to God’s transcendence and omnipresence, meaning He is not confined to space (WCF 2.1).
16
Q
What is meant by infinitude?
A
Infinitude means God is limitless in every aspect of His being (WCF 2.1).
17
Q
What is meant by incomprehensibility?
A
Incomprehensibility means humans cannot fully understand or grasp the essence of God (WCF 2.1).
18
Q
What is meant by omnipresence?
A
Omnipresence means God is present everywhere at all times (WCF 2.2).
19
Q
What is meant by omnipotence?
A
Omnipotence means God is all-powerful and able to do all things consistent with His nature (WCF 2.2).
20
Q
What is meant by omniscience?
A
Omniscience means God knows all things past, present, and future (WCF 2.2).
21
Q
What is meant by omnibenevolence?
A
Omnibenevolence refers to God’s all-encompassing goodness and love (WCF 2.2).
22
Q
What is meant by aseity?
A
Aseity refers to God’s self-existence; He depends on nothing outside of Himself (WCF 2.2).
23
Q
What is meant by simplicity?
A
Simplicity means God is not composed of parts; He is one undivided essence (WCF 2.2).
24
Q
What is meant by eternality?
A
Eternality means God has no beginning or end and exists outside of time (WCF 2.1).
25
What is meant by sovereignty?
Sovereignty means God rules over all creation and governs all things according to His will (WCF 2.1).
26
Define and defend the Trinity.
The Trinity is one God in three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, co-equal and co-eternal (WCF 2.3).
27
Distinguish between each member of the Trinity’s function in a person’s salvation.
The Father plans salvation, the Son accomplishes it through His death and resurrection, and the Holy Spirit applies it to believers (WCF 2.3).
28
Define Soli Deo Gloria.
Soli Deo Gloria means 'to God alone be the glory,' emphasizing that all things are for God's glory (WCF 2.2).
29
What are the decrees of God?
The decrees of God are His eternal purposes, by which He has foreordained everything that happens (WCF 3.1).
30
Does God’s decree precede his foreknowledge? Explain.
Yes, God’s decree precedes His foreknowledge because God’s knowledge of future events is based on His sovereign will and plan (WCF 3.2).
31
Define unconditional election.
Unconditional election is God's sovereign choice to save certain individuals based on His will, not on any foreseen merit or action (WCF 3.5-3.6).
32
Define predestination.
Predestination is God’s eternal plan to save the elect and ordain their glorification (WCF 3.5).
33
What is meant that God 'foreordained all the means' to the glorification of the elect?
God 'foreordained all the means' means that He has not only chosen who will be saved but also all the means through which they will come to salvation (WCF 3.6).
34
What is meant by reprobation?
Reprobation is God’s sovereign decision to pass over certain individuals, leaving them in their sin and condemning them to eternal punishment (WCF 3.7).
35
What is the work of creation?
The work of creation refers to God’s act of making all things from nothing, by His word, in the space of six days (WCF 4.1).
36
What is meant by ex nihilo?
'Ex nihilo' means 'out of nothing,' referring to God's creation of the world without using pre-existing materials (WCF 4.1).
37
How did God create man?
God created man, male and female, in His own image, with a rational soul and moral understanding (WCF 4.2).
38
What is meant by imago Dei?
'Imago Dei' means that humans are made in the image of God, reflecting His character, moral responsibility, and authority (WCF 4.2).
39
Did Adam and Eve continue in the state in which they were created?
No, Adam and Eve fell from the state in which they were created when they disobeyed God (WCF 4.2).
40
What is meant by humankind made in God’s image?
Humans made in God’s image means that we have qualities like rationality, morality, and dominion over creation (WCF 4.2).
41
Were Adam and Eve created with a freedom of will?
Yes, Adam and Eve were created with the freedom of will, able to choose between obedience and disobedience (WCF 4.2).
42
Did God immediately create? Explain.
Yes, God created everything immediately by His word, without the use of pre-existing materials (WCF 4.1).
43
What are God’s works of providence? How is providence different from creation?
God’s works of providence are His continual upholding, directing, and governing of all creatures and actions (WCF 5.1); Providence differs from creation as it refers to God's ongoing involvement in the world (WCF 5.1).
44
What are secondary causes?
Secondary causes refer to the natural and ordinary means through which God works in the world, such as physical laws (WCF 5.2).
45
Does God ordain everything that comes to pass?
Yes, God ordains everything that comes to pass, though He does so in a way that does not make Him the author of sin (WCF 5.4).
46
What is meant that 'God makes use of means, yet is free to work without, above, and against them, at his pleasure?'
This means that while God often works through natural means (secondary causes), He can also work outside, beyond, or against them according to His will (WCF 5.3).
47
What special act of providence did God exercise toward man?
God's special act of providence toward man was placing Adam in the Garden of Eden under a covenant of works (WCF 5.6).
48
Is God’s providence different for the church?
God’s providence toward the church includes His special care and governance of His people for their salvation (WCF 5.7).
49
What is sin?
Sin is any want of conformity unto or transgression of the law of God (WCF 6.1).
50
What is a sin of omission? Commission? Why is this distinction important?
Sins of omission are failures to do what God commands, while sins of commission are direct acts of disobedience; this distinction is important because both are violations of God's law (WCF 6.2).
51
What was the sin of our first parents?
The sin of our first parents was eating the forbidden fruit, which was an act of disobedience to God (WCF 6.1).
52
Did God permit the sin of Adam and Eve?
Yes, God permitted the sin of Adam and Eve according to His wise and holy counsel, for His own glory (WCF 6.1).
53
What is meant by original sin?
Original sin refers to the inherited guilt and corruption passed down from Adam to all humanity (WCF 6.3).
54
What is meant by actual sin?
Actual sin refers to the sins we personally commit, as distinct from original sin (WCF 6.5).
55
What is meant by total depravity?
Total depravity means that sin affects every part of human nature, leaving us unable to please God without His grace (WCF 6.4).
56
What is meant by ordinary generation?
Ordinary generation refers to the natural process of human reproduction, through which original sin is passed down (WCF 6.3).
57
Was Jesus born in sin? If not, why is he not touched with the sin of Adam?
No, Jesus was not born in sin because He was conceived by the Holy Spirit and did not inherit Adam's guilt (WCF 8.2).
58
Does regeneration remove our corrupt nature in this life?
No, regeneration renews us, but our corrupt nature remains until we are glorified (WCF 6.5).
59
What is the misery into which Adam’s sin brought humankind?
The misery into which Adam's sin brought humankind includes separation from God, loss of righteousness, death, and all the miseries of life (WCF 6.6).
60
What was lost in the fall of Adam in his first sin?
In the fall, humanity lost original righteousness and fellowship with God (WCF 6.2).
61
Can a sinful person do anything good? Explain.
No, a sinful person cannot do anything good in God's sight apart from grace, though they may do things that appear good outwardly (WCF 6.4).
62
What is a covenant?
A covenant is an agreement between God and man, where God establishes the terms of relationship (WCF 7.1).
63
What is meant by 'voluntary condescension?'
'Voluntary condescension' refers to God’s gracious act of entering into a covenant relationship with His creatures (WCF 7.1).
64
How many covenants are there?
There are two covenants: the covenant of works and the covenant of grace (WCF 7.2).
65
What is the covenant of works?
The covenant of works was the covenant God made with Adam, promising life for obedience and death for disobedience (WCF 7.2).
66
What are the conditions of the covenant of works?
The conditions of the covenant of works were perfect and personal obedience to God's law (WCF 7.2).
67
What is the promise of the covenant of works?
The promise of the covenant of works was life and fellowship with God (WCF 7.2).
68
Who is the mediator of the covenant of works?
Adam was the mediator of the covenant of works, acting as the representative head of all humanity (WCF 7.2).
69
Did Adam act for himself alone in the covenant of works?
No, Adam acted as the representative of all his descendants in the covenant of works (WCF 7.2).
70
What is the covenant of grace?
The covenant of grace is God's promise to save sinners through faith in Jesus Christ (WCF 7.3).
71
What are the conditions of the covenant of grace?
The condition of the covenant of grace is faith in Christ (WCF 7.3).
72
What is the promise of the covenant of grace?
The promise of the covenant of grace is eternal life through Jesus Christ (WCF 7.3).
73
Who is the mediator of the covenant of grace?
Jesus Christ is the mediator of the covenant of grace (WCF 8.1).
74
How was the covenant of grace administered in the Old Testament?
In the Old Testament, the covenant of grace was administered through promises, prophecies, sacrifices, and types (WCF 7.5).
75
To whom did God administer the covenant of grace in the Old Testament?
God administered the covenant of grace to the elect in the Old Testament (WCF 7.5).
76
How is the covenant of grace administered in the New Testament?
In the New Testament, the covenant of grace is administered through the preaching of the Word and the sacraments (WCF 7.6).
77
To whom did God administer the covenant of grace in the New Testament?
God administers the covenant of grace to the elect in the New Testament (WCF 7.6).
78
Who is the substance of the covenant of grace?
Jesus Christ is the substance of the covenant of grace (WCF 8.1).
79
What is new about the new covenant?
The new covenant is the final administration of the covenant of grace, revealed fully in Jesus Christ (WCF 7.6).
80
Are there two covenants of grace? Explain.
No, there is only one covenant of grace, though it was administered differently in the Old and New Testaments (WCF 7.6).
81
Who is Jesus Christ?
Jesus Christ is the eternal Son of God who took on human nature to save sinners (WCF 8.2).
82
How many natures does Jesus Christ have?
Jesus Christ has two natures: divine and human, united in one person (WCF 8.2).
83
What is meant by the term 'eternal generation of the Son?'
'Eternal generation of the Son' means that the Son is eternally begotten of the Father, not made (WCF 8.2).
84
How many wills does Jesus Christ have?
Jesus Christ has two wills: a divine will and a human will (WCF 8.2).
85
What are the offices of Christ?
The offices of Christ are prophet, priest, and king (WCF 8.1).
86
What is meant by Christ’s humiliation? Exaltation?
Christ's humiliation refers to His incarnation and suffering; His exaltation refers to His resurrection and ascension (WCF 8.4-8.5).
87
Could Jesus fall into sin?
No, Jesus could not fall into sin because He is the sinless Son of God (WCF 8.2).
88
What is the incarnation?
The incarnation is the act by which the eternal Son of God took on human flesh (WCF 8.2).
89
What is the ascension?
The ascension refers to Christ's return to heaven after His resurrection (WCF 8.5).
90
What is the resurrection?
The resurrection is Christ’s rising from the dead on the third day (WCF 8.4).
91
What is the session of Jesus Christ?
The session of Jesus Christ refers to His sitting at the right hand of God the Father in heaven (WCF 8.5).
92
What is meant that the Son of God is 'of one substance with the Father?'
Being 'of one substance with the Father' means that the Son shares the same divine essence as the Father (WCF 8.2).
93
What is meant that the Son of God is 'equal with the Father?'
Being 'equal with the Father' means that the Son has the same divine attributes and status as the Father (WCF 8.2).
94
What is meant by 'theotokos?' Was God in Mary’s womb?
'Theotokos' means 'God-bearer,' affirming that Mary bore the divine Son of God in her womb (WCF 8.2).
95
What is meant that Jesus was 'of Mary’s substance?'
Jesus being 'of Mary's substance' means that He took on true human nature from Mary, making Him fully human (WCF 8.2).
96
What is meant that Jesus’ natures were joint together, 'without conversion, composition, or confusion?'
Jesus' natures were joined together 'without conversion, composition, or confusion,' meaning the divine and human natures are distinct yet united in one person (WCF 8.2).
97
Why was Jesus born under the law?
Jesus was born under the law to fulfill the law perfectly in the place of His people (WCF 8.4).
98
Did Jesus perfectly fulfill the law?
Yes, Jesus perfectly fulfilled the law by obeying it completely and without sin (WCF 8.4).
99
What is meant by the active obedience of Christ?
The active obedience of Christ refers to His perfect obedience to God's law during His life (WCF 8.5).
100
What is meant by the passive obedience of Christ?
The passive obedience of Christ refers to His suffering and death on the cross for the sins of His people (WCF 8.5).
101
What is meant by Jesus 'descended into hell?'
'Descended into hell' refers to Christ’s experiencing the full wrath of God on behalf of sinners (WCF 8.5).
102
Define propitiation?
Propitiation refers to Christ’s sacrifice that satisfies God's wrath against sin (WCF 8.5).
103
Define expiation?
Expiation refers to the removal of guilt and sin through the atonement of Christ (WCF 8.5).
104
Why did Jesus have to become man?
Jesus had to become man to represent humanity and bear the punishment for human sin (WCF 8.2).
105
How is the work of Christ’s redemption applied and communicated to the elect?
The work of Christ's redemption is applied and communicated to the elect through the Holy Spirit by means of the Word and sacraments (WCF 8.8).
106
Does the Incarnation of Jesus threaten the doctrine of God’s immutability?
No, the incarnation does not threaten the doctrine of God's immutability, as the divine nature remains unchanged (WCF 8.2).
107
Does Jesus have a physical body at this moment?
Yes, Jesus has a physical body at this moment, as He was raised bodily and ascended in His human nature (WCF 8.5).
108
Define the doctrine of sola Christus.
Sola Christus means that salvation is found in Christ alone (WCF 8.5).
109
Define Limited Atonement.
Limited Atonement means that Christ’s atonement was intended for and effective for the elect only (WCF 8.5).
110
Does humankind have a free will?
Yes, humankind has a free will, but it is bound by its nature, and after the fall, it is inclined toward sin unless freed by God's grace (WCF 9.1-9.3).
111
Define: state of innocence, state of sin, state of grace, and state of glory.
State of innocence: The condition of Adam and Eve before the fall; State of sin: The fallen condition of humankind after Adam’s sin; State of grace: The condition of the regenerate who are saved by grace through faith; State of glory: The perfected condition of believers in heaven (WCF 9.2-9.5).
112
How is the will of man affected by sin, grace, and glory?
The will of man is in bondage to sin without grace; grace restores the ability to will rightly, and in glory, the will is perfectly aligned with God's will (WCF 9.3-9.5).
113
What is effectual calling?
Effectual calling is God's sovereign act, where He calls sinners to Himself by His Word and Spirit, regenerating their hearts (WCF 10.1).
114
Who does God effectually call?
God effectually calls those whom He has predestined to salvation (WCF 10.1).
115
What benefits in this life do those who are effectually called receive in this life?
Those who are effectually called receive justification, adoption, sanctification, and all other accompanying benefits in this life (WCF 10.2).
116
Is humankind active or passive in their effectual calling? Explain.
Humankind is passive in their effectual calling, as it is God’s work alone to regenerate and draw them to Himself (WCF 10.2).
117
How does God effectually call?
God effectually calls through His Word and Spirit, working in the hearts of sinners to bring them to life and repentance (WCF 10.1).
118
How is a person made willing to follow Jesus Christ?
A person is made willing to follow Christ by the regenerating work of the Holy Spirit, who changes their heart and inclines their will toward God (WCF 10.2).
119
What is meant by 'common operations of the Spirit?'
'Common operations of the Spirit' refers to the Spirit’s general work in the world that does not result in salvation, such as convicting of sin or restraining evil (WCF 10.4).
120
Why is effectual calling referred to as 'God’s free and special grace?'
Effectual calling is referred to as 'God’s free and special grace' because it is not based on any merit in the person called, but solely on God's sovereign will (WCF 10.2).
121
Define irresistible grace.
Irresistible grace is the doctrine that God's grace to save His elect cannot be resisted and will ultimately bring them to salvation (WCF 10.2).
122
Define Sola Gratia.
Sola Gratia means 'grace alone,' emphasizing that salvation is entirely by God's grace, not by human effort (WCF 11.3).
123
What is justification?
Justification is God’s act of declaring a sinner righteous based on the righteousness of Christ imputed to them through faith (WCF 11.1).
124
What is condemnation?
Condemnation is the judicial act of God in which He declares the guilty judgment of a sinner, resulting in eternal punishment (WCF 11.5).
125
Who does God justify?
God justifies the elect, those who are effectually called to salvation and trust in Christ (WCF 11.1).
126
Distinguish between infusion and imputation.
Infusion is the idea of righteousness being imparted into a person, while imputation means righteousness is credited to their account by God (WCF 11.1-11.2).
127
Distinguish between grace and mercy.
Grace is unmerited favor given to those who do not deserve it, while mercy is God's compassion shown in not punishing as deserved (WCF 11.4).
128
What is the ground of justification?
The ground of justification is the righteousness of Christ, which is imputed to the believer through faith (WCF 11.1).
129
Is faith in Jesus meritorious?
No, faith in Jesus is not meritorious; it is the means by which we receive the free gift of salvation, not a work that earns it (WCF 11.1-11.2).
130
Is Christ’s obedience imputed to us?
Yes, Christ’s obedience is imputed to believers, meaning His righteousness is credited to their account (WCF 11.1).
131
What is meant by 'faith…is the alone instrument of justification?'
'Faith…is the alone instrument of justification' means that faith is the means by which we receive justification, not a work that earns it (WCF 11.2).
132
Jesus made 'a proper, real, and full satisfaction to his Father’s justice?' Explain.
Jesus' full satisfaction of His Father’s justice means that through His sacrifice, Jesus fully paid the penalty for sin, satisfying God's justice on behalf of the elect (WCF 11.3).
133
Can a person fall from a state of justification?
No, a person cannot fall from a state of justification because it is a permanent declaration by God (WCF 11.5).
134
How is justification different in the OT compared to the NT?
Justification in the OT and NT is the same in substance but more clearly revealed in the NT through Christ (WCF 11.6).
135
Is justification synonymous with pardon?
No, justification is not synonymous with pardon; justification involves both pardon and the imputation of Christ's righteousness (WCF 11.1).
136
Are there two justifications?
No, there is only one justification, which happens when a person is declared righteous through faith in Christ (WCF 11.4).
137
Why is justification an 'act of God’s grace?'
Justification is an 'act of God’s grace' because it is a free gift, not something earned by human effort (WCF 11.3).
138
What is adoption?
Adoption is the act of God by which believers are received into His family and given the privileges of children (WCF 12.1).
139
Who is adopted?
The elect, those who are united to Christ by faith, are adopted (WCF 12.1).
140
What is sanctification?
Sanctification is the process by which a believer is made holy through the work of the Holy Spirit (WCF 13.1).
141
Who is sanctified?
The elect, those who are justified, are sanctified (WCF 13.1).
142
Is sanctification progressive or definitive? Explain.
Sanctification is both progressive and definitive: definitive in that believers are set apart at conversion, and progressive in that they grow in holiness over time (WCF 13.2).
143
What is meant by mortification?
Mortification refers to the putting to death of sinful desires and habits (WCF 13.1).
144
What is meant by vivification?
Vivification refers to the bringing to life of righteous desires and practices in the believer (WCF 13.1).
145
When is sanctification perfected?
Sanctification is perfected at death, when believers are fully made holy and free from sin (WCF 13.3).
146
Why is sanctification described as an 'irreconcilable war?'
Sanctification is described as an 'irreconcilable war' because believers continually fight against sin throughout their lives (WCF 13.2).
147
Why is sanctification a 'work of God’s grace?'
Sanctification is a 'work of God’s grace' because it is the Holy Spirit who empowers believers to grow in holiness (WCF 13.1).
148
What is saving faith?
Saving faith is a gift of God that enables believers to trust in Christ for their salvation (WCF 14.1).
149
Define the doctrine of Sola Fide.
Sola Fide means 'faith alone,' emphasizing that justification is received through faith alone, apart from works (WCF 11.2).
150
Why is saving faith described as 'ordinarily wrought by the ministry of the word'?
Saving faith is described as 'ordinarily wrought by the ministry of the word' because it is typically through the preaching and teaching of God's Word that faith is brought about (WCF 14.1).
151
Define the principal acts of saving faith.
The principal acts of saving faith are accepting, receiving, and resting on Christ alone for justification, sanctification, and eternal life (WCF 14.2).
152
What is the object of saving faith?
The object of saving faith is Jesus Christ, His person, work, and promises as revealed in Scripture (WCF 14.2).
153
Are there degrees of faith? That is, can faith be weak or strong? Explain.
Yes, there are degrees of faith. Faith can be weak or strong, but even weak faith is saving faith as long as it is placed in Christ (WCF 14.3).
154
What is repentance?
Repentance is a turning away from sin to God, accompanied by sincere sorrow for sin and a desire to live in obedience to God’s commandments (WCF 15.1).
155
Is repentance the cause of God’s pardon for sin? Explain.
No, repentance is not the cause of God's pardon for sin; rather, pardon is an act of God's grace through Christ, though repentance is necessary as part of the believer’s response (WCF 15.3).
156
Is repentance necessary for salvation? Explain.
Yes, repentance is necessary for salvation as it is a response to God’s grace, though it is not the cause of salvation (WCF 15.3).
157
Define and distinguish between general and particular repentance.
General repentance is the believer’s ongoing attitude of turning from all sin, while particular repentance deals with specific sins and failings (WCF 15.5).
158
Is repentance only toward God, or also toward man? Explain.
Repentance is primarily toward God, but it also involves making amends toward others where necessary (WCF 15.6).
159
Define good works.
Good works are actions that are in accordance with God's commandments, done in faith and for His glory (WCF 16.1).
160
'Good works are the fruits and evidences of a true and lively faith.' Explain.
Good works are the evidence of genuine faith, showing that a person’s faith is living and active, not merely intellectual or dead (WCF 16.2).
161
Where does a person draw the ability to do good works?
A person draws the ability to do good works from the grace of God, who enables them through the Holy Spirit (WCF 16.3).
162
'A person ought to be diligent in stirring up the grace of God in them.' Explain.
Stirring up the grace of God refers to actively nurturing the gifts and abilities given by God, seeking to grow in faith and holiness (WCF 16.3).
163
What is meant by works of supererogation?
Works of supererogation are actions that go beyond what God’s law requires, which the WCF teaches are impossible for humans to perform (WCF 16.4).
164
Good works proceed from a pure heart, right manner, and right end. Explain.
Good works proceed from a pure heart, meaning they are done with sincere love for God; in the right manner, meaning in obedience to His Word; and with the right end, meaning for God’s glory (WCF 16.2).
165
What is perseverance of the saints?
Perseverance of the saints is the doctrine that those who are truly saved will be kept by God’s power and will persevere in faith until the end (WCF 17.1).
166
Can a Christian ever totally or finally fall away from the state of grace?
No, a Christian cannot totally or finally fall away from the state of grace, as God preserves them to the end (WCF 17.1).
167
Can a Christian in any sense incur God’s displeasure?
Yes, a Christian can incur God’s displeasure when they sin, though this does not affect their eternal standing before God (WCF 17.3).
168
Can a Christian in any sense grieve the Holy Spirit?
Yes, a Christian can grieve the Holy Spirit when they sin, which affects their relationship with God but not their salvation (WCF 17.3).
169
Can a Christian in any sense bring God’s temporal judgments upon themself?
Yes, a Christian can bring God’s temporal judgments upon themselves through sin, such as discipline or suffering, but this is not eternal condemnation (WCF 17.3).
170
Can a person have certain assurance of their salvation? If so, how?
Yes, a person can have certain assurance of their salvation through faith in Christ, the witness of the Spirit, and the evidence of grace in their lives (WCF 18.1-18.2).
171
Is assurance of salvation the essence of faith?
No, assurance of salvation is not the essence of faith, as a person can be truly saved without having full assurance (WCF 18.3).
172
Define and distinguish between true and false assurance.
True assurance is based on the promises of God, the witness of the Spirit, and evidence of grace, while false assurance is based on presumption or self-deception (WCF 18.4).
173
What are the three types of law found in the Bible?
The three types of law found in the Bible are moral law, ceremonial law, and judicial law (WCF 19.3-19.4).
174
Where did God first publish and establish his moral law?
God first published and established His moral law with Adam, and it was later codified in the Ten Commandments at Sinai (WCF 19.1-19.2).
175
Was the law given to Adam the same law given to Israel in Ten Commandments?
Yes, the law given to Adam was the same in substance as the moral law summarized in the Ten Commandments (WCF 19.1-19.2).
176
What was the purpose of the ceremonial law?
The ceremonial law was designed to foreshadow Christ and His redemptive work, particularly in the sacrifices, cleansings, and festivals (WCF 19.3).
177
Is the ceremonial law still binding?
No, the ceremonial law is no longer binding on believers because it was fulfilled in Christ (WCF 19.3).
178
Are the judicial laws given to Israel still binding?
The judicial laws given to Israel are not binding, except for their general equity, which applies to justice today (WCF 19.4).
179
What is meant by 'general equity?'
'General equity' refers to the principles of justice underlying the judicial laws that still apply, even if the specific laws no longer do (WCF 19.4).
180
Are believers in Jesus still bound by the moral law? If not, why? If so, how?
Yes, believers in Jesus are still bound by the moral law as a rule of life, not for justification, but for sanctification and guidance (WCF 19.5-19.6).
181
What are the three uses of the law?
The three uses of the law are: (1) to reveal sin, (2) to restrain evil in society, and (3) to guide believers in righteous living (WCF 19.6).
182
What is the liberty Christ purchased for believers under the gospel?
The liberty Christ purchased for believers includes freedom from the guilt of sin, the law's condemning power, and eternal death, along with freedom to serve God (WCF 20.1).
183
What is the purpose for Christian liberty and how can it be undermined?
The purpose of Christian liberty is to free believers to obey God without fear, but it can be undermined by legalism or antinomianism (WCF 20.2).
184
How does Christian liberty relate to the civil and church governing authorities?
Christian liberty does not nullify civil or church authority, but believers should not obey laws that contradict God's Word (WCF 20.4).
185
Where is the moral law comprehended?
The moral law is comprehended in the Ten Commandments (WCF 19.2).
186
Define and distinguish between the two tables of the law and list all the commandments of each table.
The two tables of the law divide the Ten Commandments: the first table (commandments 1-4) concerns duties to God, and the second table (commandments 5-10) concerns duties to others (WCF 19.2).
187
Is there an acceptable way of worshipping God? Explain.
Yes, there is an acceptable way of worshipping God, which is only according to His revealed will and not by human inventions or imaginations (WCF 21.1).
188
'Prayer is to be made for things lawful.' Explain.
'Prayer is to be made for things lawful' means that we should pray only for things that align with God's will and commandments, not for sinful desires (WCF 21.3).
189
What are the parts of the ordinary religious worship of God?
The parts of ordinary religious worship include prayer, the reading and preaching of the Word, the sacraments, and singing psalms (WCF 21.5).
190
What are the three different modes of worship?
The three different modes of worship are private, family, and public worship, all of which are important for the Christian life (WCF 21.6).
191
Is the Sabbath a creation ordinance? Is it part of the law of nature?
Yes, the Sabbath is a creation ordinance established at creation and is part of the law of nature, meaning it applies to all humanity (WCF 21.7).
192
Is the Sabbath a moral command? Is it binding on all humanity?
Yes, the Sabbath is a moral command and is binding on all humanity, as it is part of the Ten Commandments (WCF 21.7).
193
Why is the Sabbath celebrated on Sunday? Why do we call it the Lord’s day?
The Sabbath is celebrated on Sunday because it commemorates Christ's resurrection, and we call it the Lord’s day to honor Him (WCF 21.7).
194
How is the Sabbath to be kept?
The Sabbath is to be kept by resting from ordinary work and engaging in worship and acts of service, such as works of necessity and mercy (WCF 21.8).
195
What is meant by 'duties of necessity and mercy?'
'Duties of necessity and mercy' refer to actions that are required to care for others or to meet urgent needs, such as caring for the sick, which are allowed on the Sabbath (WCF 21.8).
196
Do you take exception to the 'recreation' clause in WCF 21.8? If so, where do you believe the Divines were exegetically and theologically incorrect in their interpretation? Interact with the scripture proofs provided by WCF 21.8.
Some may take exception to the 'recreation' clause in WCF 21.8, which prohibits recreational activities on the Sabbath, based on their interpretation of scriptural commands. The Divines' stance is supported by texts like Isaiah 58:13, but this can be debated based on differing views of Sabbath observance.
197
What is a lawful oath?
A lawful oath is a solemn promise made to God, affirming truth or promising to do something lawful and just (WCF 22.1).
198
In whose name can a lawful oath or vow be made?
A lawful oath or vow can only be made in the name of God, as swearing by anything else is forbidden (WCF 22.2).
199
What is the role of the civil magistrate?
The role of the civil magistrate is to uphold justice, maintain peace, and protect the good, while punishing evil according to the law (WCF 23.1).
200
Is the civil magistrate a legitimate authority instituted by God? Explain.
Yes, the civil magistrate is a legitimate authority instituted by God to govern society and maintain order for the common good (WCF 23.1).
201
What does it mean that the magistrate is 'armed with the power of the sword?'
'Armed with the power of the sword' means that the magistrate has the authority to enforce laws and execute justice, including the use of force when necessary (WCF 23.2).
202
Can magistrates interfere in matters of faith? Explain.
Magistrates are not to interfere in matters of faith or dictate religious practices, but they can ensure that peace and order are maintained in religious contexts (WCF 23.3).
203
What is the duty of the magistrate in relation to the church?
The duty of the magistrate in relation to the church is to protect it from external harm, ensure that the church has the freedom to fulfill its mission, and promote peace among its members (WCF 23.3).
204
What is the duty of people in relation to the magistrate?
The duty of people in relation to the magistrate is to honor, obey, and support lawful authority, as long as it does not contradict God's Word (WCF 23.4).
205
Define marriage.
Marriage is a covenantal union between one man and one woman for mutual help, procreation, and protection against immorality (WCF 24.1).
206
Who are the parties of marriage?
The parties of marriage are one man and one woman (WCF 24.1).
207
What is the purpose of marriage?
The purpose of marriage is for the mutual help of the spouses, the increase of mankind through children, and to avoid immorality by providing a proper context for sexual relations (WCF 24.2).
208
Is marriage a sacrament? Why or why not?
No, marriage is not a sacrament because it is not a sign and seal of the covenant of grace. It is a creation ordinance for all humanity (WCF 24.3).
209
Why is marriage called a creation ordinance?
Marriage is called a creation ordinance because it was instituted by God at the beginning of human history, before the fall (WCF 24.1).
210
What are legitimate grounds for divorce?
Legitimate grounds for divorce include adultery and willful desertion that cannot be reconciled (WCF 24.5-24.6).
211
Why is it the duty of Christians to marry only in the Lord? Explain.
Christians are called to marry only in the Lord, meaning they should marry fellow believers to promote unity in faith and ensure that marriage reflects God's design (WCF 24.3).
212
Define and distinguish between invisible and visible church.
The invisible church refers to the elect throughout history, known only to God, while the visible church consists of all who profess faith and their children (WCF 25.1-25.2).
213
What is meant by the catholicity of the church?
The catholicity of the church means that the church is universal, consisting of all true believers in Christ across the world and throughout history (WCF 25.2).
214
Why is there 'no ordinary possibility of salvation' outside of the visible church?
There is 'no ordinary possibility of salvation' outside of the visible church because the church is the means by which God ordinarily dispenses the means of grace (WCF 25.2).
215
What is the mission of the church?
The mission of the church is to make disciples of all nations, teaching them to obey Christ, and to administer the sacraments (WCF 25.3).
216
Why is it said that the catholic church is 'more or less pure?'
The catholic church is 'more or less pure' depending on how faithfully it teaches and practices the gospel (WCF 25.4).
217
Who is the head of the church and why is it important?
Jesus Christ is the head of the church, and this is important because He governs and protects the church as its supreme authority (WCF 25.6).
218
What is meant by the communion of saints?
The communion of saints refers to the spiritual fellowship and mutual support that all believers share in Christ (WCF 26.1).
219
What are the duties/obligations entailed in the communion of saints?
The duties in the communion of saints include sharing in each other's spiritual gifts and supporting one another in material and spiritual needs (WCF 26.2).
220
Define 'union with Christ' and how it is related to the communion of saints.
'Union with Christ' refers to the believer’s spiritual connection to Christ, which is the foundation of the communion of saints (WCF 26.1).
221
What is a sacrament?
A sacrament is a holy ordinance instituted by Christ, in which a sign and seal of the covenant of grace is given to believers (WCF 27.1).
222
What is a sign?
A sign is a visible symbol that represents a spiritual reality, such as baptism symbolizing cleansing from sin (WCF 27.2).
223
What is a seal?
A seal is a confirmation of God’s promise to His people, assuring them of His grace and the covenant blessings (WCF 27.2).
224
Define 'sacramental union.' Why is it important?
'Sacramental union' refers to the relationship between the sign and the thing signified, meaning that while the two are distinct, they are sacramentally united. This is important because it shows that the sacraments convey real spiritual benefits (WCF 27.2).
225
Is grace conferred in the sacraments?
Yes, grace is conferred in the sacraments to those who receive them by faith (WCF 27.3).
226
What makes the sacraments efficacious?
The sacraments are made efficacious by the work of the Holy Spirit and not by any power inherent in the elements themselves (WCF 27.3).
227
Who receives the grace and promise of benefit in the sacraments?
Only believers who receive the sacraments with faith receive the grace and promise of benefit (WCF 27.3).
228
How many sacraments are there? Why is marriage not a sacrament?
There are two sacraments: baptism and the Lord’s Supper. Marriage is not a sacrament because it was not instituted by Christ as a sign and seal of the covenant of grace (WCF 27.4).
229
Why are the other 5 sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church not sacraments?
The other five sacraments of the Roman Catholic Church are not sacraments because they were not instituted by Christ as such, nor do they convey the covenant of grace (WCF 27.4).
230
Why are sacraments only to be dispensed by a 'minister of the Word lawfully ordained?'
Sacraments are only to be dispensed by a 'minister of the Word lawfully ordained' because they are tied to the preaching of the gospel and require proper authority for their administration (WCF 27.4).
231
What is meant by 'lawfully ordained?'
'Lawfully ordained' means that a minister has been duly appointed and set apart according to the standards of Scripture and the church’s proper authority (WCF 27.4).
232
What were the sacraments of the Old Testament? How are they different from the NT sacraments? How are they similar?
The sacraments of the Old Testament were circumcision and the Passover. They differ from NT sacraments in form, but they are similar in that both point to the same covenant of grace (WCF 27.5).
233
What is meant to be a 'worthy receiver' or the 'right use' of the sacraments?
A 'worthy receiver' is one who approaches the sacraments with faith, repentance, and a proper understanding of their significance (WCF 28.6).
234
What is baptism?
Baptism is a sacrament that signifies and seals entrance into the covenant of grace, representing union with Christ, cleansing from sin, and newness of life (WCF 28.1).
235
Does baptism make a person a member of the invisible church? Explain.
No, baptism makes a person a member of the visible church, but only faith in Christ makes someone a member of the invisible church (WCF 28.1).
236
Discuss the three modes of baptism.
The three modes of baptism are sprinkling, pouring, and immersion. The WCF allows for flexibility in the mode, but emphasizes the importance of the meaning of baptism (WCF 28.3).
237
Why are infants to be baptized?
Infants are to be baptized as a sign of God's covenant promise, just as circumcision was in the Old Testament, signifying inclusion in the covenant community (WCF 28.4).
238
Is it a sin to treat sacraments with contempt or neglect their use? Explain.
Yes, it is a sin to treat sacraments with contempt or to neglect their use because they are divinely instituted means of grace (WCF 28.5).
239
What is meant by 'grace and salvation are not inseparably annexed to' baptism?
'Grace and salvation are not inseparably annexed to' baptism means that baptism does not automatically confer grace or guarantee salvation; faith is required (WCF 28.6).
240
Are all baptized people undoubtedly regenerated? Why or why not?
No, not all baptized people are undoubtedly regenerated. Baptism is a sign and seal, but it requires faith to be effective (WCF 28.5-28.6).
241
What makes the sacrament of baptism efficacious?
The sacrament of baptism is efficacious because of the work of the Holy Spirit, not because of the act itself or the person administering it (WCF 28.6).
242
Is baptism efficacious for infants? Explain.
Yes, baptism is efficacious for infants as they are included in the covenant, but its full effect may not be realized until later, through faith (WCF 28.4).
243
Is the efficacy of baptism tied to the moment of administration? Explain.
No, the efficacy of baptism is not tied to the moment of administration but to God’s timing and work in the life of the individual (WCF 28.6).
244
Why is baptism 'but once to be administered to any person?' Explain.
Baptism is 'but once to be administered' because it signifies initiation into the covenant community, which is a one-time event (WCF 28.7).
245
What is the Lord’s Supper?
The Lord’s Supper is a sacrament that commemorates Christ’s sacrifice, signifies participation in Him, and strengthens the faith of believers (WCF 29.1).
246
What is required for the worthy receiving of the Lord’s Supper? Who are the 'worthy receivers?'
Worthy receivers of the Lord’s Supper are those who examine themselves, repent of their sins, and trust in Christ, approaching the sacrament with faith (WCF 29.7).
247
How are the elements of the Lord’s Supper set apart from a common to holy use?
The elements of the Lord’s Supper are set apart through prayer and the Word, consecrating them for holy use (WCF 29.3).
248
Why is communion not given to those not present in the congregation?
Communion is not given to those not present because it is a communal act of worship meant for the gathered church (WCF 29.7).
249
Is it appropriate to call the bread the 'body of Christ' and the wine 'the blood of Christ?' If so, why? If not, explain.
Yes, it is appropriate to call the bread 'the body of Christ' and the wine 'the blood of Christ' because they represent Christ’s body and blood, though not literally (WCF 29.5-29.6).
250
What is meant by 'transubstantiation?'
'Transubstantiation' is the Roman Catholic doctrine that the bread and wine of the Lord’s Supper are transformed into the actual body and blood of Christ, which the WCF rejects (WCF 29.6).
251
How does transubstantiation 'overthrow the nature of the sacrament?'
Transubstantiation overthrows the nature of the sacrament by confusing the sign (bread and wine) with the reality (Christ's body and blood), undermining the symbolic nature of the sacrament (WCF 29.6).
252
Do we feed upon Christ in the Lord’s Supper? Explain.
Yes, we feed upon Christ in the Lord’s Supper spiritually, by faith, not physically. The bread and wine are symbols that communicate the benefits of Christ’s death (WCF 29.7).
253
Do we feed on the benefits of Christ’s death in the Lord’s Supper? Explain.
Yes, we feed on the benefits of Christ’s death in the Lord’s Supper, such as the forgiveness of sins and eternal life, by partaking in faith (WCF 29.7).
254
What is meant by 'consubstantiation?'
Consubstantiation is the belief that Christ’s body and blood are present in, with, and under the bread and wine, but the elements themselves remain bread and wine (WCF 29.7).
255
How does the Lord’s Supper function to unworthy receivers?
The Lord’s Supper is a means of judgment to unworthy receivers, as they eat and drink judgment upon themselves for taking it without faith or repentance (WCF 29.8).
256
What is meant by fencing the Lord’s Table? Would you do it? If so, how would you do it?
Fencing the Lord’s Table is the practice of warning unrepentant or unbelieving individuals not to partake in the Lord’s Supper. It involves pastoral care and sometimes public announcement. I would do it by emphasizing self-examination and the need for genuine faith (WCF 29.8).
257
Who is the head of the church?
Jesus Christ is the head of the church (WCF 25.6).
258
What is meant by 'church officers?'
'Church officers' refer to ordained leaders in the church, such as pastors, elders, and deacons, who are given authority for spiritual oversight (WCF 30.1).
259
Is the power of church officers the same as civil authorities? Explain.
No, the power of church officers is not the same as civil authorities. Church officers exercise spiritual authority, while civil authorities have legal and civil power (WCF 30.1).
260
What is the power given to church officers?
The power given to church officers is to preach the Word, administer sacraments, exercise church discipline, and oversee the spiritual health of the congregation (WCF 30.2).
261
Why are church censures necessary?
Church censures are necessary for correcting sin, restoring the sinner, and protecting the purity and peace of the church (WCF 30.3).
262
What are the various censures?
Various censures include admonition, suspension from the sacraments, and excommunication (WCF 30.4).
263
What is the purpose of church councils? Who has the power to call them?
The purpose of church councils is to settle doctrinal disputes, provide guidance, and maintain unity. They can be called by church leaders or authorities (WCF 31.1).
264
How often should church councils be called?
Church councils should be called as often as necessary to address issues that arise within the church, though there is no prescribed frequency (WCF 31.2).
265
Do councils have the power to decree and make determinations in controversies of faith?
Yes, councils have the power to make determinations in controversies of faith, as long as they are in accordance with Scripture (WCF 31.2).
266
Can councils err?
Yes, councils can err because they are composed of fallible humans, and their decisions must be tested against Scripture (WCF 31.3).
267
Are council decrees to be made the rule of faith and practice? If so, why? If not, how should conciliar decrees be viewed?
Council decrees are not to be the ultimate rule of faith and practice; they should be received with respect but are subordinate to Scripture (WCF 31.3).
268
'Councils are to handle or conclude nothing but that which is ecclesiastical and are not to intermeddle with civil affairs which concern the commonwealth.' Explain.
Councils are to address matters related to the church’s spiritual and ecclesiastical concerns, not civil affairs. They are not to interfere in government or legal matters (WCF 31.4).
269
What happens to the souls of men after death?
After death, the souls of believers go immediately into the presence of God, while the souls of unbelievers are cast into hell to await the final judgment (WCF 32.1).
270
What is purgatory?
Purgatory is a Roman Catholic doctrine that teaches a place where souls are purified before entering heaven. The Westminster Confession rejects this, as it is not based on Scripture (WCF 32.1).
271
What is meant by 'the last day?' What is meant by 'last days?'
'The last day' refers to the final day of history when Christ will return to judge the living and the dead. 'Last days' refers to the period between Christ's first and second comings (WCF 33.1).
272
What is the resurrection of the dead?
The resurrection of the dead is the raising of all people, both believers and unbelievers, at the last day, when their souls will be reunited with their bodies (WCF 32.2).
273
Who will judge the living and the dead?
Jesus Christ will judge the living and the dead at His second coming (WCF 33.1).
274
Who will be judged on the last day?
All people, both the righteous and the wicked, will be judged on the last day, based on their works and relationship to Christ (WCF 33.1-33.2).
275
What is the purpose of the day of judgment?
The purpose of the day of judgment is to glorify God's justice in condemning the wicked and His mercy in saving the elect (WCF 33.2).
276
Do you believe in eternal torment? Explain.
Yes, I believe in eternal torment, as Scripture teaches that those who are condemned will face eternal punishment, separated from God in hell (WCF 33.2).
