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Formulation and Analysis Of Drugs 💊🧪 ✅✅✅✅ > RMS-1 Quiz Inhaler Technology > Flashcards

RMS-1 Quiz Inhaler Technology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central airways consist of

A

Trachea, primary bronchus, secondary bronchi

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2
Q

What does the peripheral airways consist of

A

Tertiary bronchi, respiratory bronchioles and alveolar regions

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3
Q

Is the left or right bronchi wider

A

THE RIGHT

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4
Q

How does the function of the respiratory tract change

A

Upper airways = air movement
Lower airways = gaseous exchange

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5
Q

How many divisions are there from the trachea to the alveoli

A

23

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6
Q

Why is it highly likely for particles to be deposited on airway walls

A

The airways follow a very tortuous pathway

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7
Q

What size to particles have to be to reach
a) bronchioles
b) alveolar sacs

A

a) <5 microns
b) < 2 microns

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8
Q

Describe where
a) large (coarse) particles will be deposited
b) small (fine) particles will be deposited

A

a) mouth and the back of the throat - high deposition in the central airways
b) wide distribution to the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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9
Q

What is inertial impaction

A

Mechanism of deposition for larger particles (>5 micrometers), with sufficient momentum they will impact the airway walls. Further into the lungs the velocity of airstream decreases so this mechanism becomes LESS important

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10
Q

What happens if a particle escapes impaction

A

Settling will occur via gravitational sedimentation, for particles 1-5 microns (same thing as micrometers)

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11
Q

What does gravitational sedimentation depend on

A

Particles size and density - Stoke’s law (particle settling under gravity will have a constant terminal settling velocity)

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

What’s Brownian diffusion

A

Mechanism of deposition, where particles collide with surrounding gas molecules and randomly move along the airways . They diffuse from a high con to a low - diffusion is inversely proportional to particle size. Predominant mechanism for particles <1micrometer

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14
Q

How are particles cleared from the airways

A

1) particle deposited on the airways
2) drug particle dissolves in the mucus and absorbs across the epithelium
3) insoluble particles in the central part of the lung are cleared by mucocilliary clearance or macrophages
4) particles in the alveolar region are cleared by alveolar macrophages

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15
Q

What are the pros about local delivery for inhaler/nebulisers

A

They will have a high local availability and therefore low systemic exposure as treatment is contained to a certain area

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16
Q

What are the pros about systemic delivery for pulmonary conditions

A

Rapid pharmacokinetics and it avoids the first pass metabolism (e.g. injection/IV)

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17
Q

What are some drug classes useful to treat pulmonary conditions

A

Bronchodilators, steroids, antibiotics, pulmonary vasodilators

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18
Q

What are the different types of inhalers

A

Pressurised metered dose inhaler
Dry powder inhaler
Nebulisers

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19
Q

What’s the difference between obstructive and restrictive diseases

A

Obstructive = airways are narrowed or blocked making it hard to EXHALE
Restrictive = lungs can’t expand properly (stiff lungs) making it hard to INHALE

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20
Q

Examples of
a) obstructive
b) restrictive
Diseases

A

a) asthma, COPD, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis
b) obesity, muscular dystrophy, fluid in the lungs, pulmonary fibrosis

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21
Q

What are the 2 types of nebuliser

A

1) jet/ pneumatic nebuliser
2) ultrasonic nebuliser

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22
Q

What’s an advantage of breath actuated nebuliser

A

Very little drug wasted

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23
Q

What’s the advantage of an electronic vibrating mesh

A

Small, portable and very little drug wasted

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24
Q

What’s special about adaptive breath controlled nebulisers

A

The mouthpiece causes resistance to control the inspiratory rate and its breath actuated

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25
Advantage of metered dose liquid inhalers
Breath actuated, very little drug wasted, optima, drug deposition and extremely high dose reproducibility
26
What are the conditions for nebulisers
Must be sterile, isotonic, stable over shelf life, within physiological pH range (5-8), fre from particulates (for liquid solution only) and particle size must be within respirable range (3-5microns - for liquid suspensions only)
27
Advantages of nebulisers on general
High aerosolisation efficiency, high deposition efficiency, used for all ages and no formulation requirements
28
Disadvantages of nebulisers
Expensive, shelf life and most are not portable
29
Name 4 key components in a PMDI
Aerosol canister, drug suspension/solution, metering valve and aerosol spray cone
30
What are the 2 hypotheses for atomisation
Internal flash evaporation and aerodynamic breakup
31
What propellants are used for pMDIs
HFA 134a and HFA 227
32
Advantages and disadvantages of propellants
Adv: non-flammable, non-toxic and do not deplete the ozone layer (but they still contribute to global warming) Disadv: low aqueous and lipid solubility making it difficult to formulate
33
What are HFA & the regulations linked to them
Non-ozone depleting gases Because they contribute to global warming control of HFA production for non-essential items is put in place HOWEVER inhalers are considered essential so it’s fine <3
34
What are the technical problems associated with HFAs
1) suspension stability - surfactants are insoluble in HFA (alcohol is required as a co-solvent this changes taste I And is haram) 2) valve material incompatibility materials may react with the co-solvent used in HFA pMDIs = impaired valve performance 3) moisture - HFA has a high affinity to moisture and even more so with the alcohol co-solvent = increased chemical instability during storage = decreased bioavailability of drug due to deposition on the walls of the apparatus
35
What properties must drug particles in a pMDI must have
Must be MICRONISED target size is 1-5microns
36
Do suspensions or solutions have drugs with HIGH solubility in HFA propellant
SOLUTIONS = high (Suspensions = low)
37
Do suspensions or solutions have drugs with some spray droplets will be drug-free
SUSPENSION OBVS (All droplets in solution will contain the drug)
38
Do suspensions or solutions have drugs with high chemical stability
SUSPENSIONS ( solution = chemical stability may be a problem)
39
Do suspensions or solutions have drugs that may clog the spray exit
SUSPENSIONS OBVS (Solution = no clogging)
40
Do suspensions or solutions have drugs which may cause caking or flocculations problems
SUSPENSIONS BC ITS NOT MIXED (Solution = no caking or flocculations problems)
41
What co-solvent may be used in pMDIs
Alcohols = ethanol, or glycerin
42
What surfactants may be used in pMDI formulation
Oleic acid, lecithin, cetylpyridium and sorbitan
43
What do spacers achieve
- they provide extra time for the propellant to evaporate - they reduce droplet velocity = reducing drug impact in mouth and throat - catches larger droplets/particles so they don’t deposit in the mouth/back of the throat -breath coordination is not required -multiple inhalation can be taken
44
Key patient tips for pMDIs
- shake before use - require priming - slow and steady inhalation - hold breath after -use a spacer where possible
45
What are the advantages of and Disadv of dry powder inhalers
Adv: No CFs Breath actuated no need to coordinate breath with inhaler High dose can be delivered Disadv: Complex
46
What is the difference between active and passive DPIs
Passive = relies on patient inhalation to aerosolize the powder (has particle carriers only) Active= uses a power source to disperse the powder, good for weak lungs (particle with carrier or carrier free particles)
47
What’s the main advantages of passive inhaler compared to active ones
Passive is small and portable, inexpensive, compact
48
What’s the peak inspiratory flow rate, PIFR
Maximum airflow (litres per minute) produced by inhalation of patient
49
What’s the average PIFR
150L/min
50
Would similar inspiratory efforts produce different flow rates, drug dispersion and deaggregation in different inhalers
YES
51
Does high resistance device = low efficiency
No high resistance usually means the powder is dispersed better
52
What are the components in carrier particles
Lactose = carrier + micronised drug = ordered mix
53
What’s happens to drug particles that are too large
Deposited in the mouth and the throat doesn’t reach the respiratory tract
54
What’s the main advantage of active inhaler devices
High aerolisation efficiency dependant of the patient inspiratory effort
55
What features would be ideal in a carrier particle
Smaller, round, smooth, add force control agents
56
Equation for aerodynamic diameter of particle, da
da = dg (geometric diameter of particle) X p (density of particle)^ 0.5
57
Look at the twin stage impinger
58
Look at Anderson cascade impactor
59
Look at multi stage liquid impinger
60
Look at new generation impactor
61
Equation for recovered dose (RD) %
= (drug recovered from packaging + inhaler + evaluation device (mg or micrograms))/ original drug dose (mg or micrograms) X 100
62
Equation for total emitted dose ED %
(Drug recovered from packaging + inhaler + evaluation device (mg or micrograms))/ recovered dose X 100
63
Equation for fine particle dose/ fine particle fraction / respirable dose (% < 5 micrometers) (FPF%)
(Drug recovered from the TSI lower chamber or ACI stage 3-7 + filter (mg or micrograms) / recovered dose (mg or micrograms) X 100
64
What’s the mass median aerodynamic diameter in micrometers, MMAD
Median particle size of a log normal particle distribution curve derived from the mass of drug depositing on each stage of the ACI, NGI or MLI
65
What’s the geometric standard deviation
Square root of ( 84% undersize value in micrometers / 16% undersize value in micrometers)
66
What are the bp test required
1) uniformity of delivered dose 2) aerodynamic assessment of fine particles
67
What are the 5 factors that influence lung deposition (be prepared to explain in detail not here but in the exam)
1) particle size 2) particle size distribution 3) particle density 4) particle shape 5) hygroscopicity
68

Formulation and Analysis Of Drugs 💊🧪 ✅✅✅✅ (5 decks)

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