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Respiratory And Musculoskeletal Systems (RMS) > RMS Quiz 2 - Italian Lady Stuff > Flashcards

RMS Quiz 2 - Italian Lady Stuff Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 2 ways breathing is controlled

A

1) NEURAL control (brain stem, lung receptors, cortex and hypothalamus)
2) CHEMICAL control (chemoreceptors)

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2
Q

What muscle are involved in inspiration

A

Diaphragm AND intercostal muscles

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3
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

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4
Q

What nerve supplies the intercostal muscle

A

Thoracic segmental nerves

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5
Q

How does forced expiration differ to ‘normal’ expiration

A

Forced expiration requires nerve stimulation of specific muscles whereas normal expiration is passive due to the elastic recoil of the lungs

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6
Q

What is the term for normal relaxed breathing

A

EUPNOEA

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7
Q

what nerve is activated during
A) expiration
B) Inspiration

A

A) thoracic segmental nerve
B) phrenic nerve

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8
Q

Can voluntary control of respiration override autonomic

A

Yes - important if the autonomic control is defective

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9
Q

What is the main driving force for ventilation

A

Increase in partial pressure of CO2 (not O2)

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10
Q

Where is the rhythm generator for breathing located

A

Brain stem - specifically the medulla (which consists of the medulla, pin and mid brain)

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11
Q

What are the 2 groups of neurons that generate APs

A

1) dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
2) ventral respiratory group (VRG)

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12
Q

What’s the DRG

A

Primarily INSPIRATORY neurones= involved in inspiration. They’re activity increases during inspiration and decreases during expiration

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13
Q

What’s VRG

A

Ventral respiratory group
They are in practice during quiet (normal) breathing and are important for forced breathing e.g. during exercise
They are involved in BOTH expiration and inspiration

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14
Q

What is the process involved in VRG

A

Medulla sends and receives inputs from the pons, the pons receives input from rhythm generator in the medulla and high centres in the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

What are the 2 respiratory centres

A

1) pneumotaxic centre = controls inspiratory volume & respiratory rate IT INHIBITS DRG
2) apneustic centre = controls inspiration depth STIMULATES DRG

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of lung receptors

A

1) stretch receptors
2) irritant receptors
3) juxtapulmonary receptors “J’ receptors
4) others e.g. pain, temp, arterial

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17
Q

What is the purpose of stretch receptors and location

A

Bronchial walls
They detect the stretching of airways walls, they make inspiration shorter and shallower
AND they allow expiration to occur by delaying the next inspiratory cycle

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18
Q

What is the reflex that allows a break between inspiration cycles

A

Hering-Breuer cycle = lung inflation inhibits inspiration (-ve feedback system)

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19
Q

Location and function of irritant receptors

A

Throughout the airways between epithelial cells
Stimulates coughing to remove irritant stimuli from the airways and bronchoconstriction to prevent the irritant from travelling further down into the airways

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20
Q

Location and function of J receptors

A

Alveolar walls
Stimulated during lung conditions - when alveolar wall fluid increases due to oedema, pulmonary congestion ,etc and therefore causes rapid shallow breathing or apnoea (no breathing)

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21
Q

Where are centra chemoreceptors located

A

Brain stem and hypothalamus

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22
Q

What are enteroreceptors

A

Receptors that detect changes in CO2 and O2 levels in the blood AND cerebrospinal fluid (CF)

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23
Q

What do central chemoreceptors detect & are they fast or slow

A

PCO2 levels NOT PO2
Slow because of the time it takes for CO2 to diffuse into the CSF

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24
Q

Write out the equation for the dissolution of CO2 in the blood

A

CO2 + H2O -> H+ + HCO3-

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25
What are the optimum PO2 and PCO2 levels
PO2= 12.5 KPa PCO2 = 5.3 KPa
26
How do we know PCO2 drives ventilation
Small changes in PCO2 cause large effects to ventilation (PO2 does not)
27
Main ventilation aim
Get CO2 OUT (then get O2 in after lol)
28
Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located
Outside the CNS - in blood vessel walls like the aortic and carotid body
29
What does the aortic and carotid body do
Monitor peripheral blood PCO2 and PO2 and Ph (the 3 Ps)
30
What are the 2 types of cells present in the carotid body & what they do
Glomus and sheath - they respond by producing dopamine (neurotransmitter ) which stimulates nerves sending signals to the medulla to increases ventilation = increasing PO2 and decreasing PCO2 levels
31
What are some reasons for reduced response to CO2
Age (as you age ur central chemoreceptors in the medulla become less sensitive to CO2 changes) Sleep (when ur sleeping there is less ventilation and slightly higher PCO2 which ur tolerant to) Genetics Athletes Morphine
32
33
What’s hypoxia
Low levels of oxygen in the tissues
34
What’s hypercapnia
Excess levels of CO2 in the blood leading to low pH levels
35
Go over the hypercapnic drive
High levels of CO2 in the blood leading —-> increased ventilation —-> + voluntary hyperventilation —-> PCO2 levels decrease —-> ventilation decreases
36
Go over the hypoxic drive
PO2 decreases —-> NO CHANGE in ventilation until PO2 becomes less than 8KPa (60mmHg)
37
What does the medullary respiratory centre do
Sets the basic rhythm of breathing (ventilation)
38
What does the VRG do
Generates the breathing rhythm and integrates data coming into the medulla
39
What does the DRG do
Integrates input form stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the periphery
40
What does the PRG (pontine respiratory group) do
Modifies medulla oblangta’s functions
41
What does the hypothalamus do
Monitors emotional state and body temp
42
What do the cortical areas of the brain do
Control voluntary breathing
43
What do proprioceptors do
Help maintain balance and coordination by sending impulses regarding joint and muscle movement
44
What does the pulmonary irritant reflexes do
Protect the respiratory zone from foreign material
45
What does the inflation reflex do
Protects the lungs from over-inflating
46
What is the normal body pH range
7.35 - 7.45
47
What’s the normal PCO2 levels
4.5-6KPa
48
What’s the normal PO2 levels
12-14KPa
49
What’s the normal HCO3- range
22-26mmol/l
50
What can happen when pH drops too LOW
METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
51
What can cause metabolic acidosis
Intense physical exercise - over production of lactic acid by muscles Patio physiological conditions - diarrhoea, diabetes
52
What occurs at high pH levels + what causes it
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS - excess loss of H+ e.g. while vomitting
53
What happens to ventilation rate when pH decreases (metabolic acidosis)
Increased ventilation
54
What happens to ventilation rate when pH increases (metabolic alkalosis)
Decreases ventilation
55
Increase in conc of H+ = ????
Increased ventilation
56
CO2 and O2 act……
Synergistically
57
What does the diaphragm close
The thoracic outlet and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
58
What happens when the diaphragm contracts
When the diaphragm contracts it moves downwards, increasing the thorax volume causing the intra-thoracic pressure to decrease causing air to enter the lungs
59
What is inspiration and how it occurs
Breathing in 1) diaphragm contraction 2) external intercostal muscles contract 3) also involves the vertebral column joints
60
What happens during expiration
Diaphragm relaxes = thoracic volume decreases = increase in pressure in the lungs = forcing air out
61
What’s a spirometer
Measures lung function - through taking inspiration and expiration measurements
62
What’s Dalton’s law of partial pressure
Partial pressure of GAS mixtures = sum of individual partial pressures
63
What is compliance
Ability of the lung to stretch High compliance = stretches easily , low compliance = requires more force
64
What’s elastance
Recoil/rebound when force is released
65
What’s elastic resistance
Resistance to stretch of lung tissues and air-liquid interface lining the alveoli
66
What prevents the lungs from collapsing
Negative intrapleural pressure = creates a suction effect in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs and this help keep the lungs expanded
67
What’s pneumothorax
A condition where the lung collapses due to air leaking from the lungs into the pleural cavity surrounding reducing the suction effect and making it difficult for the lungs to expand and thus difficult to breathe
68
What’s laminar flow
Smooth streamlined flow of air - occurs at rest
69
What happens to airflow during exercise
We get turbulent flow = high linear velocities in wide airways like the trachea may produce turbulent flow & noisey breathing
70
What within the airways affects the resistance
The bronchial smooth muscle Epithelial hypertrophy (thickening of the epithelium = increases resistance)
71
What may cause the constriction/relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle
1) lung fibrosis = thickened lung tissues, low compliance 2) emphysema = damaged alveoli = lung hyperinflation, high compliance and reduced gas exchange 3) surface tension created by fluid layer between alveolar cells and air
72
What does alveoli surfactant consist of
Protein and phospholipids
73
What does alveoli surfactant do
Reduces surface tension at the air-liquid interface in the alveoli
74
What’s newborn respiratory distress syndrome
When the alveolar type II cells don’t produce enough surfactant so when exhaling the alveolar may collapse - occurs in premature babies
75
Equation for total pulmonary ventilation
TPV= ventilation rate X tidal volume
76
Equation for alveolar ventilation
AV= ventilation rate X (tidal volume - dead space volume)
77
What is “dead space”
Ventilation areas which DO NOT participate in gas exchange
78
As alveolar ventilation increases PO2 ….
INCREASES AND PCO2 decreasesss
79
What are the 4 types of receptors in the lungs
1) stretch 2) irritant 3) J receptors 4) bronchial c-fibres

Respiratory And Musculoskeletal Systems (RMS) (4 decks)

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