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Biochem > RNA and Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

RNA and Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is rRNA made

A

Nucleolus

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2
Q

Where is mRNA made

A

Nucleoplasm

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3
Q

Where is tRNA made

A

Nucleoplasm

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4
Q

What are the mRNA stop codons

A

UGA
UAA
UAG

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5
Q

What is the TATA box

A

25 nt upstream, Promoter region for TF binding

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6
Q

What is the -10 Pribnow box

A

TATAAT, 10 nt upstream. Promoter region

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7
Q

What is the -75 CCAAT box

A

Promoter region

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8
Q

What happens to transcription when there’s a promoter mutation

A

Large decrease in level of gene transcription

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9
Q

What is the silencer region

A

Site where repressors bind

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10
Q

What are the helix-loop-helix and helix-turn-helix

A

Structure in DNA that allows protein to interact with DNA

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11
Q

What is the zinc finger motif

A

A structure in DNA that contains a zinc atom and allows protein to bind with DNA

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12
Q

What transcribes DNA template into RNA molecule

A

RNA polymerase

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13
Q

What is action of RNA polymerase I

A

Makes rRNA in eukaryotes

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14
Q

What is action of RNA polymerase II

A

Makes mRNA in eukaryotes

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15
Q

What is the action of RNA polymerase III

A

Makes tRNA in eukaryotes

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16
Q

What is the smallest RNA

A

tRNA

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17
Q

What is the largest RNA

A

mRNA

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18
Q

What is the most abundant RNA

A

rRNA (r=rampant)

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19
Q

What is the action of alpha amanitin

A

A mushroom toxin that inhibits RNA polymerase II

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20
Q

What are the RNA’s in prokaryotes

A

Just 1 RNA polymerase

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21
Q

What antibiotic inhibits prokaryotic RNA polymerase

A

Rifampin

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22
Q

How do prokaryotes terminate transcription

A
  1. Rho factor - RNA dependent ATPase in Ecoli - knocks RNA polymerase off template
  2. Rho-independent - GC rich region, makes strong H bonds that makes a hairpin structure and RNA breaks off
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23
Q

What is hnRNA

A

The initial transcription - heterogenous nuclear RNA

It is RNA that is hot off the presses

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24
Q

How does RNA leave the nucleus

A

It has to be processed - 3 things have to happen

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25
What are the 3 things you have to do to make mRNA from hnRNA?
1. Cap on 5' end 2. Polyadenylation of 3' end 3. Splice out introns
26
What is the 5' cap
7-methyl-guanosine
27
What provides 5' cap
SAM: S-adenosyl-methionine
28
What provides the polyadenylation of the 3' end
Poly-A polymerase - adds 200-250 adenines to 3' end
29
What signal gets poly-A polymerase started
AAUAAA
30
What splices the introns before mRNA can leave the nucleus?
Spliceosome
31
What amino acid frequently has more coding sequences in the mRNA than are represented in the peptide that is created from it?
Methionine (More AUG codons than methionine)
32
How is transcription of the lac operon regulated?
1. CAP - allows RNA pol to bind DNA and start transcription of beta galactosidase gene; won't bind DNA if glucose present 2. Lac repressor - prevents RNA pol from binding DNA
33
What is aminoacyl tRNA
tRNA that is charged with an amino acid
34
What enzyme charges tRNA with amino acids
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
35
What is the hydroxyl end of the tRNA
3' end, always ends CCA
36
At what end of tRNA does aminoacyl tRNA synthetase work
3' end
37
Where are ribosomes synthesized?
Nucleus, transported to cytoplasm
38
What are the subunits of a eukaryotic ribosome
60S and 40S --> 80S
39
What starts initiation in protein synthesis
Initiation factors (IFs)
40
What is the role of IFs
Help assemble smaller ribosomal subunit with the initiator tRNA (always start with f-met tRNA in prokaryotes)
41
What does IF-2 do in prokaryotic translation
First binds 30S, then binds fmet tRNA
42
What allows 50S to attach to 30S?
Hydrolyzes GTP on IF, releases energy and allows attachment --> 70S
43
What is the A site
Where incoming aminoacyl tRNA binds
44
What is the P site
Where polypeptide tRNA binds (chain)
45
What is the E site
Where free tRNA located
46
Where does first fMet RNA bind
P site
47
What is required to bind an incoming aminoacyl-tRNA to A site
Elongation factor EF
48
What part of ribosome has peptidyltransferase activity
50S (23S rRNA in prokaryotes)
49
What is elongation factor G
Required for translocation in prokaryotes
50
What is required for translocation in eukaryotes
EF-2
51
What toxins inhibit EF-2
``` Diphtheria Exotoxin A (pseudomonas) ```
52
What is the release factor
Binds stop codon on mRNA and hydrolyzes GTP, releases new polypeptide at T site.
53
Mechanism of aminoglycoside antibiotics
Bind 30S subunit early so can't pair with starter tRNA
54
Mechanism of linezolid
Binds 50S subunit so can't start initiation
55
What antibiotics affect initiation of protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides | Linezolid
56
Mechanism of tetracyclines
Bind 30S subunit later, prevent aminoacyl tRNA from getting to A site
57
What classes of antibiotics work at 30S subunit
Aminoglycosides | Tetracyclines
58
Mechanism of chloramphenicol
Inhibits peptidyltransferase part of 50S subunit (23S rRNA)
59
Mechanism of macrolides
Bind 50S and inhibit translocation
60
Mechanism of clindamycin
Binds 50S and inhibits translocation
61
Antibiotics that affect 50S subunit
``` Chloramphenicol Linezolid Macrolides Clindamycin Streptogramins ```
62
What happens in postranslational modification of trimming
N or C terminal are trimmed
63
What cells are notable for making extracellular proteins?
Fibroblasts - collagen, fibrilin, elastin Hepatocytes - albumin, transport proteins, ferritin, coagulation factors Plasma cells - Ig's
64
What enzyme matches amino acids to tRNA?
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
65
What antibiotics are inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis at 30S subunit?
Tetracycline Aminoglycoside "Buy AT 30, CCELL at 50"
66
What antibiotics are inhibitors of prokaryotic protein synthesis at 50S subunit?
``` "Buy at 30, CCELL at 50" Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin (macrolides) Linezolid Lincomycin ```

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