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Biology > RNA, DNA > Flashcards

RNA, DNA Flashcards

0
Q

M RNA

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression

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1
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins, although in some viruses RNA rather than DNA carries the genetic information.

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2
Q

R RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA is a basic building block for ribosomes Together with protein they make up ribosomes.

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3
Q

T RNA

A

A Transfer RNA is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 73 to 94 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acids and the amino acid sequence of proteins.

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4
Q

Uracil

A

a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA. In DNA its place is taken by thymine.

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5
Q

Ribose

A

A sugar of the pentose class that occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes.

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6
Q

Replication

A

the action of copying or reproducing something.

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7
Q

Replication fork

A

a Y-shaped part of a chromosome that is the site for DNA strand separation and then duplication

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8
Q

Helicase

A

Helicases are a class of enzymes vital to all living organisms. Their main function is to unpackage an organism’s genes.

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9
Q

Polymerase

A

an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer, esp. DNA or RNA.

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10
Q

Protein Synthesis

A

The creation of proteins by cells that uses DNA, RNA and various enzymes.

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11
Q

Codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

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12
Q

Translation

A

A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA.

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13
Q

Transcription

A

Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language that can be converted back and forth from DNA to RNA by the action of the correct enzymes. During transcription, a DNA sequence is read by an RNA polymerase, which produces a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. As opposed to DNA replication, transcription results in an RNA complement that includes the nucleotide uracil (U) in all instances where thymine (T) would have occurred in a DNA complement. Also unlike DNA replication where DNA is synthesized, transcription does not involve an RNA primer to initiate RNA synthesis.Although Transcription is nice.

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14
Q

Promoter

A

A site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA.

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15
Q

Termination signal

A

A termination signal is found at the end of the part of the chromosome being transcribed during transcription of mRNA. It is needed because only parts of the chromosome are transcribed. The beginning part is started at the promoter and then ended at the termination signal.

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16
Q

Anticodon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.

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17
Q

Introns

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule that does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

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18
Q

Exons

A

A segment of a DNA or RNA molecule containing information coding for a protein or peptide sequence.

19
Q

Operator

A

A segment of DNA where the repressor binds to, thereby preventing the transcription of certain genes.

20
Q

Mutation

A

the changing of the structure of a gene, resulting in a variant form that may be transmitted to subsequent generations, caused by the alteration of single base units in DNA, or the deletion, insertion, or rearrangement of larger sections of genes or chromosomes.

21
Q

Mutagen

A

an agent, such as radiation or a chemical substance, that causes genetic mutation.

22
Q

Point mutation

A

a mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence.

23
Q

Frame shift

A

A frameshift mutation is a genetic mutation caused by indels of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.

24
Q

Substitution

A

A type of point mutation in which a single nucleotide is substituted with (or exchanged for) a different nucleotide that may result in an altered sequence of amino acid during translation, which may render the newly synthesized protein ineffective

25
Q

Insertion

A

a rare nonreciprocal translocation involving three breaks in which a segment is removed from one chromosome and then inserted into a broken region of a nonhomologous chromosome.

26
Q

Deletion

A

the loss or absence of a section from a nucleic acid molecule or chromosome.

27
Q

Purine

A

A heterocyclic compound with a fused pyrimidine/imidazole ring. Planar and aromatic in character. The parent compound for the purine bases of nucleic acids.

28
Q

Pyrimidine

A

A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They are planar and aromatic in character and include several nucleic acid constituents (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.

29
Q

Covalent bond

A

is a chemical link between two atoms in which electrons are shared between them

30
Q

Adenine

A

a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.

31
Q

Guanine

A

a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.

32
Q

Cytosine

A

A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.

33
Q

Nitrogen base

A

a nitrogen-containing organic compound that has the chemical properties of a base, especially a pyrimidine or purine

34
Q

Phosphate

A

A salt of phosphoric acid.

35
Q

Nucleotide

A

A compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.

36
Q

Nucleic acid

A

A complex organic substance present in living cells, esp. DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

37
Q

Semi- Conservative

A

relating to or denoting replication of a nucleic acid in which one complete strand of each double helix is directly derived from the parent molecule.

38
Q

Complementary

A

combining in such a way as to enhance or emphasize the qualities of each other or another.

39
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other.

40
Q

Deoxyribose

A

A sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.

41
Q

Thymine

A

A compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.

42
Q

Double helix

A

A pair of parallel helices intertwined about a common axis, esp. that in the structure of the DNA molecule.

43
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

44
Q

Universal code

A

The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins by living cells.

Biology (6 decks)

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