RnC

Question 1

Alkane to Halogenoalkane

Answer 1

FRS: X₂ gas, UV light

Question 2

Alkene to Alkane

Answer 2

Reduction: H₂ gas, Ni/Pt catalyst, heat

Question 3

Alkene to Dihalogenoalkane

Answer 3

E.A.: X₂ in CCl₄, dark, rtp

Question 4

Alkene to Halogenoalcohol

Answer 4

E.A.: X₂ (aq), dark, rtp

Question 5

Alkene to Mono-halogenoalkane

Answer 5

E.A.: HX(g), rtp, dark

Question 6

Alkene to Alcohol

Answer 6

E.A.: Cold Conc. H₂SO₄, followed by heating with H₂O

Question 7

Alkene to Diol

Answer 7

Mild Oxidation: Cold KMnO₄, NaOH(aq)/H₂SO₄(aq)

Question 8

Alkene to Carboxylic acid, CO₂, Ketone

Answer 8

Oxidative Cleavage: KMnO₄, NaOH(aq)/H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

Question 9

Nitrile to Carboxylic acid

Answer 9

Hydrolysis: Dilute H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

Question 10

Halogenoalkane to Alkene

Answer 10

Elimination: KOH in ethanol, heat under reflux

Question 11

Halogenoalkane to Alcohol

Answer 11

N.S.: NaOH(aq), heat under reflux

Question 12

Halogenoalkane to Amine

Answer 12

N.S.: Excess conc NH₃ in alcohol, heat in sealed tube

Question 13

Halogenoalkane to Nitrile

Answer 13

N.S.: Alcoholic NaCN/KCN, heat under reflux (step-up rxn)

Question 14

Carbonyl to Cyanohydrin

Answer 14

N.S.: HCN, trace KCN or NaOH(aq), cold

Question 15

2-4 DNPH

Answer 15

Test for Carbonyl, Condensation, Orange ppt formed

Question 16

Aldehyde to Carboxylic acid

Answer 16

Oxidation: KMnO₄, NaOH(aq)/H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

Question 17

Aldehyde to 1° Alcohol

Answer 17

Reduction: LiAlH₄ in dry ether

Question 18

Ketone to Secondary Alcohol

Answer 18

Reduction: LiAlH₄ in dry ether

Question 19

Cu²⁺ and NaOH, warm

Answer 19

飞领 solution Test for Aliphatic Aldehyde, Oxidation, Brick red ppt formed

Question 20

Ag₂O in NH₃, warm

Answer 20

头冷’s reagent Test for Aldehyde, Oxidation, Silver mirror formed

Question 21

Alcohol to Chloroalkane

Answer 21

N.S.: Anhydrous PCl₅, rtp

OR

Anhydrous PCl₃/SOCl₂, heat under reflux

OR

HX(g), heat, ZnCl₂ catalyst for chloride

Question 22

Alcohol to Mono-bromoalkane

Answer 22

N.S.: HBr(g), heat

Question 23

1° Alcohol to Aldehyde

Answer 23

Oxidisation: K₂Cr₂O₇, H₂SO₄, heat with immediate distillation

Question 24

2° Alcohol to Ketone

Answer 24

Oxidation: KMnO₄, NaOH(aq)/H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

Question 25

Alcohol to Alkene

Answer 25

Elimination/Dehydration: Excess conc H₂SO₄, 170 °C OR H₃PO₄/Al₂O₃, heat

Question 26

Esterification

Answer 26

Alcohol, Carboxylic acid, conc H₂SO₄, heat under reflux OR Alcohol, Acyl Chloride, rtp

Question 27

Esterification of Phenol

Answer 27

Phenol with NaOH, Acyl Chloride, rtp

Question 28

Neutral FeCl₃

Answer 28

Test for Phenol, Complex formation, +ve test yields Purple colouration

Question 29

Carboxylic acid to Acyl Chloride

Answer 29

N.S.: Anhydrous PCl₅, rtp OR Anhydrous PCl₃/SOCl₂ rtp

Question 30

Carboxylic acid to 1° Alcohol

Answer 30

Reduction: LiAlH₄ in dry ether, rtp

Question 31

Acyl Chloride to Amide

Answer 31

Condensation: conc NH₃/Amine, rtp

Question 32

Acyl Chloride to Carboxylic Acid

Answer 32

Hydrolysis: H₂O, rtp

Question 33

Nitrobenzene to Phenylamine

Answer 33

Reduction: Sn, conc HCl, heat under reflux, followed by NaOH

Question 34

Amide to Amine

Answer 34

Reduction: LiAlH₄ in dry ether, rtp

Question 35

Benzene to Nitrobenzene

Answer 35

E.S.: conc HNO₃, conc H₂SO₄, Heat under reflux at 55 °C

Question 36

Benzene to Bromobenzene

Answer 36

E.S.: Br₂, anhydrous FeBr₃, rtp

Question 37

Benzene to Chlorobenzene

Answer 37

E.S.: Cl₂, anhydrous FeCl₃, rtp

Question 38

Benzene to Alkylbenzene

Answer 38

E.S, Friedyl-Crafts Akylation: RCl, anhydrous FeCl₃

Question 39

Alkylbenzene to Nitro-alkylbenzene

Answer 39

E.S.: conc HNO₃, conc H₂SO₄, Heat under reflux at 30 °C

Question 40

Phenol to Mono-nitrobenzene

Answer 40

E.S.: dilute HNO₃, rtp

Question 41

Phenol to Tri-nitrobenzene

Answer 41

E.S.: conc HNO₃, rtp

Question 42

Benzoic acid to Nitrobenzoic acid

Answer 42

E.S.: conc HNO₃, conc H₂SO₄, Heat under reflux at >55°C

Question 43

Benzoic acid to Bromobenzoic acid

Answer 43

E.S. Br₂, anhydrous FeBr₃, rtp

Question 44

Benzene to Mono-bromobenzene

Answer 44

E.S. Br₂ (l), anhydrous FeBr₃, rtp

Question 45

Alkylbenzene to Bromo-alkylbenzene

Answer 45

E.S. Br₂, Anhydrous FeBr₃, rtp

Question 46

Phenol to Mono-bromophenol

Answer 46

E.S. Br₂ in CCl₄, rtp

Question 47

Phenol to Tri-bromophenol

Answer 47

E.S. Br₂(aq), rtp (white ppt formed)

Question 48

Phenylamine to Tri-bromophenylamine

Answer 48

E.S. Br₂(aq), rtp (white ppt formed)

Question 49

Methylbenzene to benzoic acid

Answer 49

Side chain Oxidation: KMnO₄, NaOH(aq)/H₂SO₄(aq), heat under reflux

Question 50

H₂ Ni, heat/Pt

Answer 50

Alkene to Alkane Aldehyde to 1° Alcohol Ketone to 2° Alcohol Nitrile to Amine **everything except acids**

Question 51

LiAlH₄ in dry ether, heat

Answer 51

Aldehyde to 1° Alcohol Ketone to 2° Alcohol Nitrile to Amine Carboxylic to 1° Alcohol Amide to Amine

Question 52

NaBH₄

Answer 52

Aldehyde to 1° Alcohol Ketone to 2° Alcohol (Specific for Carbonyls)

Question 53

Distinguishing Carbonyl

Answer 53

2-4 DNPH, Condensation, Orange ppt

Question 54

Distinguishing Aldehydes and Ketones

Answer 54

KMnO₄(aq), dilute H₂SO₄, heat: Aldehydes decolourise purple KMnO₄ K₂Cr₂O₇(aq), dilute H₂SO₄, heat: Aldehydes change solution from orange to green [Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ 2 3 2 4 2: Aldehydes give silver mirror Cu²⁺ in NaOH 2 5 1 3: Aliphatic Aldehydes give reddish-brown of Cu₂O

Question 55

Distinguishing Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes

Answer 55

Fehlings Cu²⁺ in NaOH 2 5 1 3: Aliphatic Aldehydes give reddish-brown of Cu₂O

Question 56

Distinguishing compounds with -COCH₃ and -CH(OH)CH₃

Answer 56

I₂(aq), NaOH, heat Positive test is yellow ppt of CHI₃