Road Construction Methods Flashcards by Edmer Canes

INTRODUCTION

is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country, and serve as medium in transporting goods and commodities from one place to another, and as communication link which brings economic development to a nation.

Road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to usage

National Road

a. ________________________ - the main highway trunk line system that is continuous in extent that goes from province to province and region to region.

b._______________________ -
connects a provincial or national road to a public wharf or railway station.

a. Primary National Road
b. Secondary National Road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to usage

_______________________- connects two municipalities or cities within a province.

Provincial Road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to usage

______________ - street within the urban area of the city.

City Road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to usage

___________________ - street within the poblacion area of a municipality.

Municipal Road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to usage

__________________ – street located outside the poblacion area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside industrial, commercial areas or residential subdivisions.

Barangay Road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to national importance

________________ are those roads of national importance. They are frequently used by traffic and leads to vital areas such as major cities and installations. Example of major roads are the those roads classified as National Roads or those which are part of the highway system.
_________________ are roads which is local in nature as it serves only the interest of the locality such as a street. Minor roads are less frequently used by traffic.

Major roads
Minor roads

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INTRODUCTION

____________ - can accommodate greater traffic volume.

_________ or road - serves service area connecting to highways.

Highway, Street

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to surface course

It is the simplest form of road constructed by shaping and smoothing the natural soil traversed by the road line.

Earth road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to surface course

Are constructed from natural gravel together with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to serve as binder.

It is sometimes termed as an all weather road.

Gravel road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to surface course

It is frequently described as flexible pavement implying its ability to absorb the stresses imposed by traffic and weather without cracking.

Asphalt road

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INTRODUCTION

Classifications of road: according to surface course

It is sometimes termed rigid pavement because it is strong in resisting compressive load but weak in resisting tensile stresses.

PCC Pavement road

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

_______________ - is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.

Subgrade

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

_______________________ - are individual stabilizing layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface course.

Aggregate Subbase and Base Courses

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

_______________________ - is the uppermost structural component of the roadway, which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due to traffic load.

Surface Course

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

________________ - are located beside the carriage way which is the total width available for passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral clearance to protect major structures on the roadside, to secure safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for emergency stopping purposes.

Shoulders

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

____________________ - are located beneath or alongside the roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.

Drainage Structures

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

________________ - can be lateral drainage such as a U-shaped, V-shaped lined canal (side ditch) or perforated drain canal.

Types of Drainage

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

_________________ - are constructed along the side of the roadway to stabilize the slopes.

Slope Protection Structures

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INTRODUCTION

Main Road Components

________________ - are constructed along the side of the roadway if there are space constrictions.

Retaining Walls

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PREPARATORY WORK

Becomes necessary to divert traffic from any existing roadway whenever the construction operations block the flow of traffic.

Detour roads

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PREPARATORY WORK

A road by which a job is connected to the highway system and is generally used in connection with borrow pits.

Access roads

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ROAD BASE PREPARATION

It means removing and disposing all surface objects including vegetation, trees and other protruding objects not designated to remain along the roadway.

Clearing and Grubbing

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ROAD BASE PREPARATION

It is necessary as a preliminary move in shaping the ground prior to the start of any excavation or placing of embankment.

Clearing and Grubbing

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ROAD BASE PREPARATION Prior to actual construction work, obstructions are removed in order not to hamper the work.

Removal of Existing Obstructions

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE The ______________ is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the undisturbed local materials or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.

subgrade

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: ______________ – earth fill below the pavement necessary to raise the road above flood levels.

Embankment

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: _____________ - suitable material from sources outside the roadway prism, used for embankments.

Borrow

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: ______ -the angle of constructed soil plane usually expressed in proportion of length and depth.

Slope

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: ________ - the average depth of embankment material needed to be placed on top of the natural ground at any designated location along the roadway to satisfy the designed grade.

Fill

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: _____ – the average depth needed in excavating the natural found at a specific location along the road traverse to satisfy the designed grade.

Cut

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: ______________ – removing earth from its original position in a cut and transporting it to a fill or to waste deposit.

Excavation

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: _____________ – the pressing of soil particles to expel air from the mass and filling the voids to make the material more dense. The factors influencing amount of compaction obtainable are material gradation, soil shape, moisture content and amount of compactive effort.

Compaction

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: _________________ - a tool for economic road building, material conservation, investment protection and roadway upgrading.

Soil Stabilization

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: __________________ - suitable native material obtained from roadway cuts or borrow areas or other similar material used for subbase, roadbed material, shoulder surfacing slope cover or other specific purposes.

Selected Borrow

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Earthwork Terminologies: __________________ - The layer of material placed on an existing surface to eliminate irregularities prior to placing an overlaying course.

Leveling Course

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE It is the process of loosening and removing earth from its original position and transporting same for fill or to a waste deposit.

Roadway Excavation

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Types of Roadway Excavation Involves excavation of common materials used as embankment fill which results from excavation along the road traverse.

Common Excavation

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Types of Roadway Excavation Excavation and disposal of materials regardless of its nature which were not classified and included in the bill of quantities under other pay items.

Unclassified Excavation

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Types of Roadway Excavation Are suitable materials excavated along the road traverse which are disposed as excess in the formation of embankment subgrade.

Surplus Excavation

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Are suitable materials which can be common or rock which are brought and compacted together to a specified degree to form a stable embankment to bring the road to a desired grade or to elevate it above flood level.

Embankment Fill

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE Compaction trial of not less than ___________ sq.m. is done to determine the actual capability of the compaction equipment and the compatibility of the material to be used.

500

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE It is conducted on site in order to determine if the required compaction specification has been attained to a specific layer.

Field Density Test (FDT)

FORMATION OF SUBGRADE are painted sticks placed along the side of the road traverse as guide and reference in the elevation of the different layering requirements of the road project

Blue tops

V. STABILIZING LAYERS is a structural layer which accepts greater compressive stress than the subgrade and thus reduces the deformation of the pavement under traffic loading.

Subbase course

V. STABILIZING LAYERS reduces the vertical compressive stress induced by traffic in the subbase course and the subgrade.

Base course

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PCCP Terminologies ______________ - concrete ability to be placed in a prepared form without honeycomb.

Workability

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PCCP Terminologies _____________ - measure of fluidity of concrete.

Consistency

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PCCP Terminologies ______________ – describes the compressive strength of concrete mix.

Water-cement ratio

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PCCP Terminologies ___________- are substances other than aggregates water and Portland cement that can be added to concrete to improve its properties and fulfill other special purposes.

Admixture

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS PCCP Terminologies _____________ - is the treatment or protection applied to concrete during hardening period to protect against early shrinkage due to lose of moisture or abrupt changes in temperature.

Curing agent

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Types of Joints Also called cold joint. Is constructed when there is an interruption of more than 30 minutes in the concreting operation which is placed not within 1.50 m. of an expansion joint or contraction joint.

Construction joint

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Types of Joints Also called weakened-plane joint. Are provided to relieve the tensile stresses due to temperature, moisture, and friction, thereby controlling cracking.

Contraction joint

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Types of Joints If the lanes are concreted separately, a longitudinal construction joints in the form of a key and keyway is used.

Longitudinal joint

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Types of Joints Provide space for the expansion of the pavement, thereby preventing the development of compressive stresses which can cause the pavement to buckle. Are usually from 19 to 25 mm wide and extend the full depth of the slab.

Expansion joint

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Types of Re-bar Are load transfer devices in joints to transfer wheel loads from one slab to another and thus, prevent excessive deflection at the ends of the slabs. Are plain round steel bars.

Dowels

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Types of Re-bar Are deformed bars used in construction and longitudinal joints together with keys to tie two slabs together.

Tie bars

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology ___________ should be made of steel of an approved section and depth equal to the thickness of pavement.

Forms

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology Vibrators are not allowed to be operated longer than ___ seconds in any single location.

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology A ________ is used to grade concrete in such manner as to prevent segregation.

screeder

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology after the concrete has been struck off and consolidated it is further smoothened by means of a longitudinal float. Any excess water or soupy material is wasted over the side forms on each pass.

Floating

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology is executed by producing a uniform appearance of corrugations produced in the surface not more than 1.5 mm. in depth.

Brooming

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology Is necessary for the hydration to take place so that the concrete may harden properly and prevent abrupt loss of moisture during the curing period.

Concrete Curing

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology Forms for concrete shall remain in place undisturbed within ____ hours after pouring.

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology These are used in removing forms pulling out of nails and pins but cares should be exercised not to break the pavement edges.

Crowbars

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Methodology _______________ is done within 24 hours after concrete pouring water using cooled diamond edge saw blade

Concrete sawing

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS it is also called flexible pavement implying its ability to absorb stresses imposed by traffic and weather without cracking.

Asphalt Concrete Pavement

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Asphalt Concrete Pavement is made of mineral aggregate mixed with asphalt laid at a high temperature of about ______ to ______ degree F

275, 300

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS the thickness of a compacted asphalt concrete pavement varies from _______ meter for lightly traveled road to _______ meter or more for roads where traffic is considered heavy.

0.05, 0.15

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts Is an application of thin bituminous material to a porous base before putting on a surface course.

Prime coat

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts It ensure the adhesion of the surface course to the binder course.

Tack coat

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts It is a bituminous layer below the surface or wearing course.

Binder course

VI. CONCRETE PAVEMENTS Asphalt Concrete Pavement Parts It is the climax of the whole operation. The only part apparent to those who use the highway.

Binder course

VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES _____________ is suitable for this type of work especially if it is a pipe culvert or a segmental type box culvert as it can be utilized for drainage excavation as well as in the lifting of each culvert segment during installation.

backhoe

VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES It is meant to stabilize the foundation bed to avoid any possible settlement that might impair the function of the drainage structure and also to serve as a uniform cushion to the culvert.

Foundation fill

VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES Foundation fill's normal thickness of ___ cm.

VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES These are installed in the original streambed with their grades and flow line conforming to the natural channel or canal.

Pipes

VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES Mortar proportion is ___:___ with enough water to obtain the desired consistency.

1:2

VII - DRAINAGE STRUCTURES It is to form a continuous bead around the outside of the pipe.

Collar

VIII. SLOPE PROTECTION/RETAINING STRUCTURES A ___________ is an ideal equipment to use in the excavation of foundation for grouted riprap.

backhoe

IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS ________ is the raised rim of concrete which forms the edge of the sidewalk while the __________ is the horizontal paved portion slightly inclined.

Curb and gutter

IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS It is for use of pedestrians It provides safety also to motorists as a good clearance so that the roadway can be fully utilized.

Concrete Sidewalk

IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS They are installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of danger beyond.

Guardrails

IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS An economical alternative road protection.

Concrete parapet wall

IX. MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES/WORKS Are traffic signs installed along the roadway

Road signs