Road to World War I Flashcards
Name some ways that China was self-sufficient
1) agriculture
2) quick growing stain of rice introduced in the 11th century
3) corn (maize), sweet potatoes, and peanuts introduced in the 17th and 18th centuries
4) natural resources such as silver, iron, tin, and salt
5) manufactured silks, high-quality cotton, and fine porcelain
Describe the Opium War
Opium was in possession of the European traders. It is a habit forming narcotic derived from the poppy plant. The Europeans used it to sell to China in masses to shift the favor of trade to the Europeans. It was sold in Guangzhou and by 1835, 12 million Chinese were addicted to Opium.
Describe the growing internal problems of China
1) population grew 30% in 60 years with 430 mil by 1850
2) food production did not increase with population
3) discouragement increased Opium addiction
4) Chinese began to rebel against the Qing dynasty
Who was Hong Xiquon? What nickname did he give himself?
a) He was the leader of the Taiping rebellion. b) He called himself the brother of Jesus a) as well as he built the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace and recruited many followers.
What was Hong’s movement called? Describe the movement and how many people died in the rebellion
His movement was called the Taiping Rebellion. In 1850, Hong rallied up peasant troops and captured Nanjing for his capital. The French and British and Qing forces squashed the rebellion and killed 20 million people.
Define sphere of influence: what countries that we discussed had a sphere of influence?
A sphere of influence is where a foreign country has control over trade and investment in a different foreign country. France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Germany had a sphere of influence in China.
Who were the Chinese martyrs of 1900?
182 protestant missionary of several denominations + 500 chinese protestants who were murdered in the Boxer rebellion.
Who recognized the martyrs? What was the outcome?
The catholic and East Orthodox Church recognized the martyrs who were formally venerated by the churches. Nations demanded compensation for the loss of their people; however, leader of the Chinese Inland Mission, James Hudson Taylor, refused any compensation to show the meekness of christ to the Chinese.
What kind of government was proposed in 1908 in China to occur by 1917?
constitutional monarchy/government
Did China get the proposed government by 1917? How long was there unrest?
no, 4 decade
Initially, where was Japan during this time in relation to the world? Who did they trade with? Who did they have diplomatic ties with?
Japan had little contact with the industrial world. They traded with the Dutch in Indonesia and the Chinese. Japan had diplomatic ties with Korea.
Describe the demand for foreign trade. Include Commodore Matthew Perry and the Treaty of Kanagawa
Westerners tried to convince Japan to open up ports for US trade, but Japan refused. Commodore Matthew Perry sent 4 ships to the Tokyo Harbor and the Tokugawa Shogunate had no choice but to accept them. Perry carried a letter from US president Millard Fillmore that requested trade between Japan and the US. Perry returned within a year with more threatening ships. The Treaty of Kanagawa was signed and opened 2 ports to US ships and granted them extraterritorial rights.
Describe the Meiji Reform and modernization:
After the Shogunate stepped down, Mutsuhito ruled Japan for 45 years. He decided that the best way to counter Western imperialism was to modernize. The economy of Japan by the 20th century was as modern as any European nation. Japan built their first railroad in 1872, cola production grew, state supported companies, and they built factories. Japan followed a western path of industrialization.
What are some of the items that Japan stole from other countries?
1) german government and constitution
2) German army
3) British navy
4) US education
During the Meiji era, describe the improvements that Japan made:
Japan built their first railroad in 1872, coal production grew, state supported companies and factories, Japan had several dozen warships and 500,000 well trained soldiers. Japan eliminated extraterritorial rights and had a legal code. Japan annexed Korea.
Describe the first Sino-Japanese war
In 1876, Japan forced Korea to open 3 ports for Japanese trades. In 1885, Japan and China signed a hands off agreement. In 1894, China broke the agreement by rallying the troops to help with a rebellion against the Korean king. Japan won and gained a foothold in Manchuria.
Describe the Russo-Japanese war
The Japanese victory against China changed the balance of power. Russia and Japan went to war over Manchuria. In 1903, Japan offered to recognize Russian rights in Manchuria as long as they stayed out of Korea;however, Russia refused. In 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on Russian ships. In 1905, Roosevelt began peace negotiations. The Treaty of Portsmouth was signed and Japan kept all captured territory.
What did Theodore Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace prize for?
for his efforts in bringing about peace between Russia and Japan
Describe the Japanese occupation of Korea
After defeating Russia, Japan attacked Korea with a vengeance. In 1905, Korea became a Japanese protectorate. In 1907, the Korean king gave up control of the country and the army disbanded within 2 years.
Describe Korea under Japanese Rule
The Japanese were harsh rulers. Korean newspapers shut down. The study of Korean culture and language was replaced with Japanese subjects. Land was taken from Korean farmers. Japan brought businesses to Korea, but they forbid Korean Businesses. It started the Korean nationalist movement.
Describe Latin America after Independence
Most Latin Americans worked for larger land owners, wages were low, prices were high, workers accumulated debt, rich get richer, poor get poorer, the government took over native and church land to sell to the rich, economic development lagged, political instability was a widespread problem in the 19th century, leaders gained fame from the struggle for independence, leaders became Caudillos or military dictators called “strong man” by the mid 1800s all of Latin America was Ruled by Caudillos.
Caudillos vs Democracy
Caudillos were faced with no opposition and were supported by the rich landowners. Latin America lacked democratic tradition. Only the Upper and Middle classes had voting rights.
Describe trade in Latin America
Latin America’s main trading partners were the US and Britain. Latin America had old products and new markets. The development of the steamship, railroads, and refrigeration increased trade. Foreign nations benefited more. Latin America did not invest in infrastructure or manufacturing industries. Therefore, Latin America could not serve as a leader in economics.
Describe Plessy vs Ferguson
major court case in 1856, upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the facilities were equal in quality “separate but equal”
