Roadmap Flashcards
Python - Syntax
The Python syntax defines a set of rules that are used to create a Python Program. The Python Programming Language Syntax has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java Programming Languages. However, there are some definite differences between the languages.
Python - Interactive Mode Programming
$ python3
»>
Here»_space;> denotes a Python Command Prompt where you can type your commands.
Python - Script Mode Programming
We can invoke the Python interpreter with a script parameter which begins the execution of the script and continues until the script is finished. When the script is finished, the interpreter is no longer active.
Python Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable, function, class, module or other object. An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
Python does not allow punctuation characters such as @, $, and % within identifiers.
Python is a case sensitive programming language. Thus, Manpower and manpower are two different identifiers in Python.
naming conventions for Python identifiers
Python Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
Starting an identifier with a single leading underscore indicates that the identifier is private identifier.
Starting an identifier with two leading underscores indicates a strongly private identifier.
If the identifier also ends with two trailing underscores, the identifier is a language-defined special name.
Python Reserved Words
The following list shows the Python keywords. These are reserved words and you cannot use them as constant or variable or any other identifier names. All the Python keywords contain lowercase letters only.
and as assert
break class continue
def del elif
else except False
finally for from
global if import
in is lambda
None nonlocal not
or pass raise
return True try
while with yield
Python Lines and Indentation
Python programming provides no braces to indicate blocks of code for class and function definitions or flow control. Blocks of code are denoted by line indentation, which is rigidly enforced.
The number of spaces in the indentation is variable, but all statements within the block must be indented the same amount.
Python Multi-Line Statements
Statements in Python typically end with a new line. Python does, however, allow the use of the line continuation character () to denote that the line should continue. For example −
total = item_one + \
item_two + \
item_three
Statements contained within the [], {}, or () brackets do not need to use the line continuation character. For example following statement works well in Python −
days = [‘Monday’, ‘Tuesday’, ‘Wednesday’,
‘Thursday’, ‘Friday’]
Quotations in Python
Python accepts single (‘), double (“) and triple (‘’’ or “””) quotes to denote string literals, as long as the same type of quote starts and ends the string.
The triple quotes are used to span the string across multiple lines. For example, all the following are legal −
word = ‘word’
print (word)
sentence = “This is a sentence.”
print (sentence)
paragraph = “"”This is a paragraph. It is
made up of multiple lines and sentences.”””
print (paragraph)
Comments in Python
A comment is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the Python source code. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are ignored by Python interpreter
Just like most modern languages, Python supports single-line (or end-of-line) and multi-line (block) comments. Python comments are very much similar to the comments available in PHP, BASH and Perl Programming languages.
A hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a comment. All characters after the # and up to the end of the physical line are part of the comment and the Python interpreter ignores them.
First comment
print (“Hello, World!”) # Second comment
This produces the following result −
Hello, World!
You can type a comment on the same line after a statement or expression −
name = “Madisetti” # This is again comment
You can comment multiple lines as follows −
This is a comment.
# This is a comment, too.
# This is a comment, too.
# I said that already.
Following triple-quoted string is also ignored by Python interpreter and can be used as a multiline comments:
’’’
This is a multiline
comment.
‘’’
Using Blank Lines in Python Programs
A line containing only whitespace, possibly with a comment, is known as a blank line and Python totally ignores it.
In an interactive interpreter session, you must enter an empty physical line to terminate a multiline statement.
Waiting for the User
!/usr/bin/python
The following line of the program displays the prompt, the statement saying “Press the enter key to exit”, and waits for the user to take action −
raw_input(“\n\nPress the enter key to exit.”)
Here, “\n\n” is used to create two new lines before displaying the actual line. Once the user presses the key, the program ends. This is a nice trick to keep a console window open until the user is done with an application.
Multiple Statements on a Single Line
The semicolon ( ; ) allows multiple statements on the single line given that neither statement starts a new code block. Here is a sample snip using the semicolon −
import sys; x = ‘foo’; sys.stdout.write(x + ‘\n’)
Multiple Statement Groups as Suites
A group of individual statements, which make a single code block are called suites in Python. Compound or complex statements, such as if, while, def, and class require a header line and a suite.
Header lines begin the statement (with the keyword) and terminate with a colon ( : ) and are followed by one or more lines which make up the suite. For example −
if expression :
suite
elif expression :
suite
else :
suite
Command Line Arguments in Python
Many programs can be run to provide you with some basic information about how they should be run. Python enables you to do this with -h −
$ python3 -h
usage: python3 [option] … [-c cmd | -m mod | file | -] [arg] …
Options and arguments (and corresponding environment variables):
-c cmd : program passed in as string (terminates option list)
-d : debug output from parser (also PYTHONDEBUG=x)
-E : ignore environment variables (such as PYTHONPATH)
-h : print this help message and exit
[ etc. ]
You can also program your script in such a way that it should accept various options.
