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DEV PSYCH (JC) > Rob Reeves > Flashcards

Rob Reeves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s model?

A
  1. Sensorimotor (0-2)
  2. Prepoperational (2-7)
  3. Concerete operational (7-12)
  4. Formal operational (12+)
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2
Q

When do kids grow out of the conservation stage (according to Piaget - index of pre-operational intelligence)

A

~five years (onset of operational intelligence)

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3
Q

In the context of Piaget’s pre-operational stage/ operational stage distinction what is ‘multiple classification’

A

the ability to classify objects as belonging to two or more categories at the same time.

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4
Q

In the context of Piaget’s pre-operational stage/ operational stage distinction what is seriation

A

Put things in order

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5
Q

In the context of Piaget’s pre-operational stage/ operational stage distinction what is deductive reasoning

A

The ability to draw a logical inference from two or more pieces of information.

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6
Q

What’s dual representation? (Delouche)

A

The map/model thing - coordinating information

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7
Q

What are the three categories kids start dividing the world into by ~3

A
  1. inanimate objects
  2. people
  3. living things
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8
Q

Why is the significance of categorical thinking implied by Object Hierarchies relevant

A

Because they mean that by ~3 kids are able to think about more than one thing, which Piaget said they couldn’t until operational stage (~5)

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9
Q

When do kids start categorising by shape and function

A

~2 (which he says is inconsistent with P)

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10
Q

When do kids understand that plants are alive

A

~7-9

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11
Q

What is ‘nativist’ versus ‘empiricist’ models of childhood understanding (of say, biology)

A

nativist is evolutionary, in the sense that we are born with a ‘biology module’

Empiricists - more a blank slate idea, and the kids understanding builds up from personal observations and info they receive

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12
Q

In today’s categories of ‘nativist’ and ‘empiricist’ theories of childhood development, what was Plato?

A

Nativist

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13
Q

What were Piaget’s two key ideas, as reported by Robert Reeve?

A
  1. ‘Qualitative change’ in children’s thought

2. ‘Invariant sequence’ in pattern of thought

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14
Q

According to Piaget, when do kids acquire a sense of object permanence

A

9 months

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15
Q

What is the name of the construct being measured when we sit a child across a table and test whether they understand what the table contents looks like to another?

A

Perspective taking

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16
Q

According to Piaget, what is they key characteristic of the Pre-operational stage

A

Child begins to develop mental representations

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17
Q

According to Piaget, what years are kids in the preoperational stage?

A

2 - 6/7

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18
Q

According to Piaget, what years are kids in the Concrete-Operational stage?

A

7/8 to 11/12

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19
Q

According to Piaget, what is they key characteristic of the Concrete-Operational stage?

A

Kids manipulate mentally internal representation

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20
Q

When do kids mostly get conserving sorted out in their heads?

A

6-7

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21
Q

In relations to conserving, the last one kids get is water displacement.. at what age?

A

9-12

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22
Q

What are the four arenas of conservation that we learned about?

A

L M N D

  1. Liquids (beakers)
  2. Mass (dough)
  3. Number (beads)
  4. Displacement (clay in water)

L M N D

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23
Q

Is an ‘information processing’ view of childhood development associated with a staged or continuous mode of development?

A

Continuous

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24
Q

Who was the rediscovered ‘marxist’ psychologist?

A

Vgotsky

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25
Q

What did Vygotsky emphasise?

A

Socialisation / social context

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26
Q

What’s the big idea in Vygotsky’s theory of cognitive development?

A

Zone of proximal development

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27
Q

Who came up with the Zone of proximal development (ZPD) idea?

A

Vygotsky

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28
Q

What is the ‘babinski’ reflex?

A

Fanning out of toes when foot is stroked

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29
Q

Babies fan out of toes when foot is stroked. What is this reflex called?

A

Babinski

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30
Q

What is the ‘rooting’ reflex?

A

Head turn with mouth open when touched on check

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31
Q

Babies turn their head and open their mouth when touched on the cheek. What is this reflex called

A

Rooting

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32
Q

What is the ‘moro’ reflex?

A

Outstretched arms and arched back when startled or loss of support.

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33
Q

When babies are startled or lose support, they outstretch arms and arch their back. What is this reflex called?

A

Moro

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34
Q

When to infants acquire colour perception?

A

1 month

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35
Q

Who’s work showed that massage was good for babies in heaps of deleterious situations?

A

Tiffany Field?

36
Q

What did Tiffany Field show?

A

Massage is good for babies in heaps of deleterious situations?

37
Q

Who’s work showed that newborns can recognise Mum’s voice?

A

DeCasper

38
Q

What did DeCasper’s work show?

A

Newborns can recognise Mum’s voice

39
Q

What did Eimas & Jusyck’s work show?

A

Preparedness for language

40
Q

What did MacFarlane show?

A

That newborns refer the smell of their mum to that of a lactating stranger

41
Q

What did Cernoch and Porter show?

A

Bottle fed infants prefer the scent of lactating females

42
Q

Who showed that bottle fed infants prefer the scent of lactating females?

A

Cernoch and Porter

43
Q

Who showed that newborns refer the smell of their mum to that of a lactating stranger?

A

MacFarlane

44
Q

What are the 6 primary emotions?

A
  1. Anger
  2. Interest
  3. Fear
  4. Disgust
  5. Joy
  6. Sadness

A I F D J S

45
Q

How soon are expressions imitated by babies?

A

3 days!

46
Q

Who did the Strange Situation Test?

A

Ainsworth (1978)

47
Q

What was Ainsworth (1978) renown for?

A

The Strange Situation Test

48
Q

How does Ainsworth divide up the attachment styles?

A
  1. Secure
  2. Anxious - resistant (like anxious)
  3. Anxious - avoidant (like avoidant)
49
Q

Fetuses can hear and learn sounds during the final ___ months of the pregnancy

A

Two

50
Q

In which of Piaget’s stages would we likely see children failing the ‘three mountains task’ and holding egocentric conversations?

A

Pre-operational state (3-6)

51
Q

According to Piaget, how many substages are there in the sensorimotor stage?

A

Six

52
Q

What infant behaviours do we use to ‘index’ their grasp of object permanency?

A

Search behaviours

53
Q

What are the three ‘hiding place’ protocols that Bob discussed in relation to Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

A
  1. Simple hiding problem (mastered 6-9 months)
  2. Changed hiding place (mastered 10-12 months)
  3. Invisible displacement (mastered by 18 months)
54
Q

Beyond Piaget, we were introduced to two other developmental theories. What were they?

A
  1. Information processing theories

2. Core knowledge theories

55
Q

What is Renee Baillargeon (1987) known for?

A

A classic test of object permanence

rotating screen, box, impossible event etc

56
Q

Who conducted the classic test of object permanence in which a rotating screen appeared to pass through a box…

A

Renee Baillargeon (1987)

57
Q

According to ‘core knowledge’ theorists, systems are limited in three ways. Name them

A

D T E

  1. Domain specific

(each system represent only a small subset of the things and events that infants perceive)

  1. Task specific

(each system functions to solve a limited set of problems)

  1. Encapsulated (each system operates with a fair degree of independence from other cognitive systems)

D T E

58
Q

At birth, the brain is what percentage of it’s adult weight?

What about at 2 years of age?

A

25% and 75%, respectively

59
Q

In early-middle childhood, the body grows on average how may centimetres per year?

A

6cm

60
Q

In early-middle childhood, the body gains on average how may kilograms in weight per year?

A

2.25kg

61
Q

Typically speaking, at what age can children successfully use a scale model to locate a hidden toy in a room?

(Dual representation)

A

Age 3

62
Q

Children divide the world of objects into three categories. What are they?

A
  1. inanimate objects
  2. people
  3. living things
63
Q

When infants (sensorimotor stage) categorise things, they group objects based on similarity of appearance. What is the name given to this form of categorisation?

A

Perceptual categorisation

64
Q

When children reach early pre-operational stage, they start to form categories based on two factors (beyond appearance, which they start using in infancy)

A
  1. Shape, and

2. Function

65
Q

As children reach early pre-operational stage, their ability to form categories expands to include shape and function. What are two trends that underlie this enhanced capability?

A
  1. increased understanding of CATEGORICAL HIERARCHIES

2. increased understanding of CAUSAL CONNECTIONS

66
Q

According to Taylor (1999), up to what percentage of children have imaginary friends (between ages 3 and 8)

A

63%

67
Q

What is Poulin-Dubois (1999) known for?

A

A study showing infants were surprised when a robot moved.

Thereby indicating that they understood that inanimate objects do not typically act agentially

68
Q

Who undertook the study that showed infants were surprised when a robot moved.

(Thereby indicating that they understood that inanimate objects do not typically act agentially)

(hint: french)

A

Poulin-Dubois (1999)

69
Q

When do kids typically work out that plants are alive?

A

7-9 years

70
Q

Who was the guy who initiated the systematic study of intelligence?

(hint: rhymes with bidet)

A

Binet (1904)

71
Q

What is Binet (1904) known for?

A

Initiating the systematic study of intelligence.

72
Q

There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising TWO distinct forms. What are they?

A
  1. Crystallised intelligence

2. Fluid intelligence

73
Q

There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising SEVEN distinct forms.

Who is associated with this way of thinking about intelligence?

A

Thurstone

74
Q

What is Thurstone known for?

A

The intelligence-has-seven-forms guy

75
Q

There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising THREE STRATUMs.

Who is associated with this way of thinking about intelligence?

A

Carroll

76
Q

What is Carroll associated with?

A

The ‘three stratum theory’ of intelligence

77
Q

What is the name for the most widely used intelligence test for 6 years and up?

A

Wäscher Intelligence test for Children (WISC)

78
Q

There are multiple theoretical conceptualisations of intelligence. One conceptualisation sees intelligence as comprising EIGHT sub-types.

Who is associated with this way of thinking about intelligence?

A

Howard Gardner

79
Q

What is Howard Gardner associated with?

A

The multiple intelligences theory (EIGHT subtypes)

80
Q

What are the EIGHT types of intelligence proposed by Howard Gardner?

TBH I am not expecting to memorise all 8, but familiarity would be good.

A

L L S M N B I I

  1. Linguistic
  2. Logical-mathematical
  3. Spatial
  4. Musical
  5. Naturalistic
  6. Bodily-kinesthetic
  7. Intrapersonal
  8. Interpersonal

L L S M N B I I

81
Q

Generally speaking, why are children with dyslexia poor at reading?

A

Because of weak phonological processing

the ability to discriminate and remember sounds within words

82
Q

What percentage of kids have dyslexia?

A

5-10%

at least in the USA

83
Q

What percentage of kids have dyscalculia?

A

~8%

84
Q

The Core Knowledge peeps where Spelke and who?

A

Kinzler

85
Q

According to the Core Knowledge peeps, what are the four domains in which kids are pre-programmed?

And what’s the suspected fifth one?

O A N S + SP

A

O A N S + SP

  1. objects (physics)
  2. actions (psychology)
  3. number
  4. space (geometry)
  5. social partners

DEV PSYCH (JC) (7 decks)

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