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Geology 100 > Rock Deformation > Flashcards

Rock Deformation Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

How are rocks distorted?

A

By tectonic rocks

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2
Q

What are the types of tectonic forces?

A

Compressive, tensional, and shearing

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3
Q

What are compressive forces?

A

squeeze and shorten a body

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4
Q

What are tensional forces?

A

Stretch a body and tend to pull it apart

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5
Q

What are shearing forces?

A

push two sides of a body in opposite directions

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6
Q

What is stress?

A

The push, pull, or shear that a material feels when subjected to a force

force applied per unit area

FORCE/AREA

How easy or hard it is to crush

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7
Q

What are the different kinds of stress that occur in rock bodies

A

Tensional stress, compressional stress, and shear stress

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8
Q

What is strain?

A

Change in shape of a rock in response to deformation

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9
Q

What’re the different types of strain

A

stretching, shortening, and shear strain

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10
Q

What is stretching?

A

if a layer of rock becomes longer

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11
Q

What is shortening?

A

if a layer of rock becomes shorter

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12
Q

What is shear strain?

A

if a change in shape involves the movement of one part of a rock body past another

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13
Q

In what direction are rocks formed?

A

Every rock is formed horizontally

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14
Q

What does stress cause?

A

Stress causes strain

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15
Q

What does tensional stress cause?

A

Stretching

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16
Q

What does compression stress cause?

A

Shortening

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17
Q

What does shear stress cause?

A

Shear strain

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18
Q

What is pressure? (Stress)

A

Objects feel the same stress on all sides

Undeformed

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19
Q

What is extension?

A

Pull apart
Greater stress in one direction
Thins material
Makes it longer

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20
Q

What is compression?

A

Squeezing
Greater stress in 1 direction
Thickens material
Makes it shorter

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21
Q

What is shear?

A

Blocks of rock sliding past one another

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22
Q

What are the measurements to describe the orientation of a layer of rock at a given location

A

Dip and Strike

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23
Q

What is dip?

A

The amount of tilting

The angle where the bed inclines from the horizontal

Walk up or down

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24
Q

What is strike?

A

The direction of the intersection of a rock layer with a horizontal surface

Perpendicular to the direction of the dip

Walk along the strike

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25
What determines whether a rock bends or breaks?
Their strength How some resist deformation more than others in response to the forces to which they are subjected
26
How do some rocks deform?
Ductile and brittle some can do both
27
What is ductile?
Capable of being easily shaped or molded Flexible Smooth and continuous plastic deformation
28
What is brittle?
Likely to break Rigid Undergoes little change until it breaks suddenly
29
What qualities determine whether the rock is ductile or brittle?
Kind of rock TEMPERATURE PRESSURE Magnitude of the force Speed with which the force is applied
30
What does ductile behavior in rocks cause?
Folds
31
What does brittle behavior in rocks cause?
joints and faults
32
What does folds imply
the structure was originally planar, such as a sedimentary bed, has been bent COMPRESSIVE FORCES WERE AT WORK
33
What're some types of folds
``` Anticlines Synclines Limbs Axial plane Fold axis Plunging fold Asymmetrical fold Overturned fold Dome Basin ```
34
Anticlines
Upfolds or arches of layered rocks
35
Synclines
Downfolds or troughs of layered rocks
36
Limbs
The two sides of the fold
37
Axial plane
an imaginary surface that divides a fold as symmetrically as possible One limb on either side SYMMETRICAL FOLDS
38
Fold axis
the line made by the lengthwise intersection of the axial plane with the beds
39
Plunging fold
If the axis is not horizontal
40
Asymmetrical fold
one limb is dipping more steeply than the other
41
Overturned fold
One limb is tilted beyond the vertical Both limbs dip in same direction, but one limb has tilted beyond vertical
42
Dome
ANTICLINAL structure a broad circular or oval upward bulge of rock layers encirlce a central point and did rapidly away from it Oldest sedimentary rock is on the bottom (CORE) Youngest sedimentary rock in on the top (EXPOSED)
43
Basin
SYNICAL structure bowl shaped depression beds dip rapidly towards a central point Oldest sedimentary rock is on the top (EXPOSED) Youngest sedimentary rock in on the bottom (CORE)
44
Plunging anticline
direction of plunge towards V
45
Plunging syncline
direction of plunge away from V
46
What are eroded remnants of a folded mountain belt?
The Valley and Ridge province of the Appalachian Mountains In Pennsylvania
47
What are joints?
Fractures in rock caused by regional stress or by the cooling and contraction of the rock Lacks any visible or measurable displacement Most frequently occur as joint sets and systems
48
How can joints be caused?
Can be caused by all three forces: compressive, tensional, and shearing
49
How can faults be caused?
Can be caused by all three forces: compressive, tensional, and shearing
50
What is Dip-slip fault (normal)?
relative movement down the fault plane Tension Normal block slide down in relation to other Extension of the section happening along dip ex. Wasatch fault-Utah 60 degree angle
51
What is Strike-slip fault?
Movement is horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane sideaways Shearing forces SAN ANDRES FAULT (still active)
52
What is transform fault?
A strike slip fault that forms a plate boundry
53
What is oblique-slip fault
Movement along strike and simultaneously up or down dip Combination of forces Shear and Tension
54
What is Dip-slip fault (reverse)?
relative movement up the fault plane block goes up in relation to the other Compression Shortening happening along dip Hanging wall moves up the footwall Fault dip is steeper than 35 degrees
55
What are caused by Dip-slip faults (normal)
Rift valley East African rift valleys, mid-ocean ridges Rhine river valley Red Sea rift
56
Right-lateral (dextral) strike-slip fault
the block on the other side is displaced to the right San Andreas
57
Left-lateral (sinistral) fault strike-fault
the block on the other side is displaced to the left
58
What s a thrust fault?
a low angle reverse fault a reverse fault where the dip of the fault plane is small, so that overlying block is pushed horizontally Hanging wall moves up the footwall Fault dip is less than 35 degrees transport thrust sheets 100s of kilometers common in the ocean floor East-central neveda
59
What is shortening?
breaking and one sheet overrides the other caused by compression Overthrusts belt (Western USA)
60
What're blocks classified as on a dipping fault
Hanging wall block | Footwall block
61
What is a hanging wall block?
Above the fault Your head is near the hanging wall block the one that moves
62
What is a footwall block?
below the fault | standing on the foot wall block
63
What is a rift?
a linear zone where the Earth's crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart (Tensional forces) Extensional tectonics
64
What're typical rift features?
Central linear downfaulted depression (graben) | normal faulting
65
What are examples of rifts?
The East African Rift (best one) The Red Sea Rift Throughout the Basin and Range Province in North America The Rio Grande Rift in southwestern US
66
What is the denali fault
a major intracontinental right lateral strike-slip fault in western North America, extending from northwestern British Columbia, Canada, to the central region of the U.S state of Alaska
67
Dead Sea Transform
Left lateral strike slip fault | moved 100km over the last 10 million years
68
What are the Columbia Plateau made of?
flood basalts
69
What are horst
is the raised fault block bounded by normal faults or graben. by ranges
70
Teton range
flat land followed by a high mountain Grand Teton A teton fault caused it

Geology 100 (3 decks)

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