Rocks

Question 1

all rocks are made up from …

Answer 1

minerals

Question 2

the outermost layer of the Earth, includes the crust and uppermost part of the mantle

Answer 2

lithosphere

Question 3

a very hot mixture of molten rock and gases, just below the Earth’s surface, that has come from the mantle

Answer 3

magma

Question 4

material broken down by weathering and erosion that is moved by wind or water and collects in layers

Answer 4

sediments

Question 5

elements found uncombined in the Earth’s crust

Answer 5

native elements

Question 6

geometrically-shaped substance made up of atoms and molecules arranged in one of seven different shapes.

Answer 6

crystals

Question 7

appearance of a mineral caused by the way it reflects light. A mineral can appear glassy, waxy, metallic, dull, pearly, silky or brilliant.

Answer 7

lustre

Question 8

colour of a mineral as a fine powder, found by rubbing it onto an unglazed white ceramic tile

Answer 8

streak

Question 9

a measure of how difficult it is to scratch the surface of a solid material

Answer 9

hardness

Question 10

chemical sedimentary rocks occur when components of water evaporate and previously dissolved minerals are left behind

Answer 10

chemical rocks

Question 11

sedimentary rocks occur when there is buildup of tiny pieces of broken rocks

Answer 11

clastic rocks

Question 12

organic sedimentary rocks occur as a result of the accumulation of any form of animal or plant remains like bones

Answer 12

organic

Question 13

is formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava

Answer 13

igneous

Question 14

magma that comes out of the ground and makes it to the surface and solidifies

Answer 14

extrusive rocks

Question 15

magma that doesn’t make it to the surface and solidifies inside of the crust

Answer 15

intrusive rocks

Question 16

a pale rock that forms when frothy lava cools in the air

Answer 16

pumice

Question 17

a dark, igneous rock formed from gassy lava that cools quickly

Answer 17

scoria

Question 18

a property of a material or substance that easily scratches another

Answer 18

abrasive

Question 19

a dark, igneous rock with small crystals formed by fast cooling of hot lava

Answer 19

basalt

Question 20

a black, glassy rock that breaks into pieces with smooth shell-like surfaces

Answer 20

obsidian

Question 21

rocks formed from sediments deposited by water, wind or ice. The sediments are cemented together in layers, under pressure

Answer 21

sedimetary rocks

Question 22

the wearing away and removal of soil and rock by natural elements, such as wind, waves, rivers and ice, and by human activity

Answer 22

erosion

Question 23

flat, open land beside a river where sediments are deposited during floods

Answer 23

floodplains

Question 24

deposit left by movement of a glacier

Answer 24

moraines

Question 25

large bodies of ice that move down slopes and push boulders, rocks and gravel in front of them

Answer 25

glaciers

Question 26

a sedimentary rock with medium-sized grains

Answer 26

sandstone

Question 27

a fine grained, sedimentary rock without layering

Answer 27

mudstone

Question 28

a fine-grained sedimentary rock formed in layers by consolidation of clay

Answer 28

shale

Question 29

a sedimentary rock with a particle size between that of sandstone and mudstone

Answer 29

siltstone

Question 30

sedimentary rock containing large particles of various sizes cemented together

Answer 30

conglomerate

Question 31

a sedimentary rock formed from the remains of sea organisms

Answer 31

limestone

Question 32

a sedimentary rock formed by buried dead plants and animals

Answer 32

coal

Question 33

sedimentary deposit formed when a salt lake or seabed dried up. Its main chemical is sodium chloride

Answer 33

rock salt

Question 34

the process that changes rocks by extreme pressure or heat

Answer 34

metamorphism

Question 35

rock formed from another rock that has been under great heat or pressure

Answer 35

metamorphic rocks

Question 36

a metamorphic rock formed as a result of great pressure on limestone

Answer 36

marble

Question 37

a coarse-grained metamorphic rock formed mainly as a result of great pressure on granite

Answer 37

gneiss

Question 38

an idealized cycle of processes undergone by rocks in the earth's crust, involving igneous intrusion, uplift, erosion, transportation, deposition as sedimentary rock, metamorphism, and further melting and igneous intrusion.

Answer 38

rock cycle

Question 39

rocks mined to obtain a metal or other chemical within them

Answer 39

mineral ores

Question 40

extraction of natural resources from the Earth

Answer 40

mining

Question 41

study of the possible effects of a planned project on the environment

Answer 41

environmental impact statement (EIS)

Question 42

restored to its previous condition

Answer 42

rehabilitated

Question 43

waste rock removed from below the surface. This rock is replaced when the area is restored

Answer 43

overburden

Question 44

mining that digs out soil and rocks on the surface

Answer 44

open-cut mining

Question 45

mining that uses shafts and tunnels to remove rock from deep below the surface

Answer 45

underground mining

Question 46

the time beginning about two million years ago during which early humans made implements of stone

Answer 46

stone age

Question 47

a mixture of a metal with a non-metal or another metal

Answer 47

alloy

Question 48

a fine-grained sedimentary rock which leaves a very sharp edge when broken

Answer 48

flint

Question 49

a process in which tool stones such as flint or obsidian were struck with harder stones, such as quartzite, to shear large flakes that could be used to make small tools

Answer 49

percussion flaking

Question 50

remains of an animal or living thing from the past or a former age

Answer 50

fossil

Question 51

the term for when rocks are under pressure from both sides (buckling)

Answer 51

folding

Question 52

a scientist who studies fossils

Answer 52

palaeontologist

Question 53

the age of a rock compared with the age of another rock

Answer 53

relative age

Question 54

in a rock that shows the shape of the hard parts of an organism; types of fungi found growing on the surface of foods

Answer 54

mould cavity

Question 55

fossils that provide evidence, such as footprints, that an organism was alive when the rock was formed

Answer 55

trace fossils

Question 56

a family or species that have no members alive

Answer 56

extinct

Question 57

animal that eats other animals

Answer 57

carnivores

Question 58

animals that eat dead plant and animal material

Answer 58

scavengers