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Rodents Flashcards

1
Q

cause of malocclusion of rodents

A

congenital, diet, trauma inflammation

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2
Q

signs of malocclusion of rodetns

A

increased salivation, bruxism, reduced feed intake, reduced/absence defecation, lethargy, anorexia, irregular jaw and tongue movements

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3
Q

diagnosis of malocclusion of rodents

A

hiistory, clinical exam (otoscope), X-ray of head and abdomen, CT

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4
Q

treatment of malocclusion of rodents

A

tooth correction, treatment for gastrostasis

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5
Q

cause of gastrointestinal stasis

A

nutrition, malocclusion, systemic disease, moulting, lack of exercise, dehydration
- decreased fibres  hypomotility  change in pH f the caecum

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6
Q

pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stasis

A

Absence of food intake  energy deficit  mobilisation of free fatty acids from adipose tissue  fatty liver infiltration  ketoacidosis/hepatic lipidosis  last stage

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7
Q

signs of gastrointestinal stasis

A

Early stage
Reduced appetite, reduced/loss of faecal production, depression, reduced amount of food in the stomach, x-ray gas + large amount of faeces in the rectum, hyp(er)(o)normoglycaemia

Intermediate stage (24-48h)
- Reduced/loss of appetite, absence of faecal production, hard + small stomach (palpation), X-ray – increased amount of gas, normoglycaemia, depression + dehydration

Terminal stage:
- Large amount of gas in the caecum/colon, lack of appetite and defecation, weight loss, depression, ataxia, lipemia, kidney, liver damage, ketoacidosis
Other symptoms:Increased salivation (teeth), bruxism (pain)

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8
Q

diagnosis of gastrointestinal stasis

A

history, symptoms, X-ray, blood tests, dehydration (PCV), Liver (AST, lipemia, glucose), kidney (urea, creatinine, potassium, phosphorus)

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9
Q

treatment of gastrointestinal stasis

A
  • prokinetics/ gastric protection
  • ATB (enrofloxacine, trimetoprime sulpha)
  • probiotics + vitamin B complex
  • abdominal massage, increase movement, syringe feeding, fluid replacement
  • buprenorphine, butorphanol, carprofen, ketoprofen, meloxicam, flunixin meglumin
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10
Q

prognosis of gastrointestinal stasis

A

always guarded until the GI tract is moving again, underlying triggering problems resolved

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11
Q

differentials of gastrointestinal stasis

A

GD/V, obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract, pain due to any cause, septicaemia, enlargement of the abdomen

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12
Q

predisposition of urianry stones

A

calcium carbonate

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13
Q

cause of urinary stones

A

fluid intake, pH of urine, urinary retention, cystitis, dehydration, reduced activity, poor hygienic condition, diet rich in calcium or oxalates

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14
Q

signs of urinary stones

A
  • inability to urinate (urethra) – emergency
  • bloody and painful urination (bladder)
  • oliguria, polyuria, anuria (kidneys
  • pain, lethargy, anorexia
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15
Q

diagnosis of urinary stones

A

history, X-ray, US (if prostate is enlarged, suspect adrenal disease), urinalysis (normal ferret urine pH 5-6), blood tests (inflammatory leukogram, azotaemia, hyperP, metabolic acidosis, hyperCa), kidney profile

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16
Q

treatment of urinary stones

A

most need surgical intervention (complete obstruction), post op procedure: fluid therapy, NSAID, ATB, supportive therapy (Vit C, therapy for gastrostasis)

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17
Q

prognosis of urinary stones

A

good when diagnosed and treated promptly

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18
Q

consequence of urinary stones

A

renal failure

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19
Q

predispoisiotn of pneumonia

A

all age, both sexes

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20
Q

cause of pneumonia

A

pasteruella multocida (rabbit), Bordetella bronchiseptica (guinea pig), mycoplasma  acute and chronic form in rats, poor husbandry, poor nutrition, close contact with other animals

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21
Q

signs of pneumonia

A

difficult breathing, breathing through the mouth, cyanosis, loss of appetite and gastrostasis, nasal/eye discharge, lethargy

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22
Q

diagnosis of pneumonia

A

history, symptoms, X-ray, isolation of pathogen (swab, tracheal lavage), microbiological analysis with antibiogram

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23
Q

treatment of pneumoni

A

ATB treatment (enrofloxacin, marbofloxacin, trimethoprim sulpha, combination of enrofloxacin and doxycycline), nebulisation with mucolytic agents (bromhexine), oxygen, gastrostasis drugs,

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24
Q

prognosis of pneumonia

A

guarded in younger/geriatric, guarded to grave with chronic/widespread infection/lung pathology

25
Q

predisposition of vestibular syndrome

A

rabbit and rats

26
Q

cause of vestibular syndrome

A

Central (E.cuniculi, pasterella), inflammation of middle/inner ear from trauma, polyps/tumour

27
Q

signs of vestibular syndrome

A

loss of balance, head tilt, rolling, nystagmus, ventrolateral strabismus, state of consciousness, tremor, hemiparesis/postural deficit, pareza n. trigeminal and facial

28
Q

diagnosis of vestibular syndrome

A

history, symptoms, neurological localisation, X-ray, isolation of pathogen, blood test, MRI

29
Q

treatment of vestibular syndrome

A

ATB< antiparasitic (fenbendazole), supportive care, drugs for gastrostasis, meclizine

30
Q

predisposition of insulinoma

A

middle to old age, both sexes, genetic: America, Japan (often), england, Netherlands (sporadically)

31
Q

cause of insulinoma

A

nutrition – increased carbs, increased insulin, raw meat, mostly unknown

32
Q

signs of insulinoma

A

constant hypoglycaemia, weakness, lethargy, ataxia, weight loss, salivation, nausea, stupor, seizure, convulsion, prolonged starvation, liver disease, neoplasia, sepsis, heat stroke, hypoadrenocorticism

33
Q

diagnosis of insulinoma

A

hypoglycaemia, neurological symptoms, imaging diagnostics and US abdominal, blood test (low glucose values), measurement of serum insulin concentration

34
Q

treatment of insulinoma

A
  • surgical treatment = diagnostic laparotomy
  • preoperative fasting no longer than 3-4 hours, continuous glucose monitoring during surgery
  • postop = transient hyperglycaemia, rarely requires insulin
  • corticosteroids, diazodie (proglycem) = insulin blocker
  • hypoglycaemic crisis: IV catheter, slow glucose bolus (50%), CRI NaCl (2.5-5% glucose), diazepam (0.5-1.5mg/kg/h XRI)
35
Q

prognosis of insulinoma

A

cannot be cured but can be controlled, it’s better than in dogs

36
Q

predisposition of lymphoma

A

younger ferrets are more prone to more aggressive lymphoblastic form, whereas oleder develop more slowly progressive small cell form

37
Q

cause of lymphoma

A

mostly spontaneously; sometimes infectious agents/ chronic inflammatory disease

38
Q

forms of lymphoma

A

Juvenile lymphoma
- Acute development and course
- Lymphocytosis
- Multicentric
Adult lymphoma
Slower development and course
Young ferrets = visceral lymphoma syndrome
Lymphoblastic lymphoma = infiltration of the liver, spleen by large blastic lymphocytes

39
Q

signs of lymphoma

A

Lymphadenopathy, respiratory symptoms, lethargy, diarrhoea, anorexia, loss of appetite, weakens, ophthalmic changes, dermatologic changes, 24 % = asymptomatic

40
Q

diagnosis of lymphoma

A

clinical exam, imaging diagnostics and US, FNA
- blood test: increased (total proteins, globulins), decreased (albumin), mild to moderate anaemia

41
Q

treatment of lymphoma

A

chemotherapy protocols, palliative therapy (corticosteroids in high dose), whole blood transfusion

42
Q

prognosis of lymphoma

A

guarded to poor

43
Q

differentials of lymphoma

A

splenomegaly lots

44
Q

predisposition of cardiomyopathies

A

most often In middle-aged, male geriatric ferrets more often affected
- DCM progresses slowly
- HCM – manifested as sudden death (LV hypertrophy)

45
Q

cause of DCM

A

genetic factor, immunological factor, inflammatory response

46
Q

signs of DCM

A

general weakness, difficulty breathing, weight loss, pleural effusion, ascites, poor capillary filling, thrombosis, hypothermia, cyanosis, weak pulse on the femoral artery, no cough, systolic murmur, tachycardia, bradycardia

47
Q

diagnosis of DCM

A

history, symptoms, imaging (enlarged heart silhouette, effusion, enlarged liver and/or spleen) echo, ECG  arrhythmia, AV block

48
Q

treatment of DCM

A

taurine, furesmide, enalapril, pimobendane, effusion, oxygen

49
Q

prognosis of DCM

A

guarded to poor if presented with symptomatic cardiac disease; guarded with congenital defects

50
Q

ferret adrenal disease complex

A
  • Hyperplasia, adenoma, adenocarcinoma – locally aggressive, rarely metastasise
  • Pheochromocytoma – rarely, locally aggressive, metastasise
51
Q

predisposition of ferret adrenal disease complex

A

neutered ferrets, 3-4 years, male only

52
Q

pathogenesis of ferret adrenal disease

A

neutering leads to an increase in LH and FSH  stimulates adrenal cortex releasing GnRH  adrenal cortex hyperplasia  can progress to adenoma/adenocarcinoma

53
Q

cause of ferret adrenal disease

A

gonadectomy, photoperiod, genetic and oncogenic factor

54
Q

signs of ferret adrenal disease

A

alopecia, vulva swelling, vaginitis, itching, intense scent, thin/transparent skin, behaviour change, dysuria/stranguria, loss of appetite, lethargy, PUPD, weight loss, anaemia

55
Q

diagnosis of ferret adrenal disease

A

history, symptoms, blood test, sex hormone precursor, urine analysis, X-ray + US, ferrets adrenal hormone blood profile

56
Q

treatment of ferret adrenal disease

A

surgical treatment (adrenalectomy), medical (desloreline acetate, melatonin implant)

57
Q

prognosis of ferret adrenal didsease

A

good to guarded

58
Q

differentials of ferret adrenal disease

A

paraprostatic cysts and prostatic abscess

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