Rodriguez: Gram-Positive Cocci Flashcards by JHOANNA LYNN LUMBOY

Q

-gram + cocci, catalase +
-staphle, bunches of grapes
-spherical appear singly, pairs in clusters
-creamy, white, gold colonies
-BUTTERY looking colonies

A

staphylococci

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Q

all staphylococci are facultatively anaerobes except for -

A

s. saccharolyticus

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Q

a beta hemolytic staphylococci

A

s. aureus

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Q

-most virulent staphylococci
-GOLD colonies due to lipochrome
-chiefly responsible for various skin, wound, deep tissue infections

A

s. aureus

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Q

associated disease/ infection:

an extensive exfoliative dermatitis

A

SSS/ scalded skin syndrome, s. aureus

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Q

associated disease/ infection:

MULTISYSTEM disease characterized by sudden onset of fever, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, muscle aches and rash which can progress to hypotension OR SHOCK

A

TSS/ toxic shock syndrome, s. aureus

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Q

associated disease/ infection:

mild inflammation of hair follicle or sebaceous g land

A

folliculitis, s. aureus

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Q

associated disease/ infection:

extension of folliculitis

A

furuncles, s. aureus

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Q

associated disease/ infection:

from multiple furuncles which may progress to deeper tissues

A

carbuncles, s. aureus

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Q

associated disease/ infection:

characterized by crusty lesions surrounded by red border

A

impetigo, s. aureus

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Q

enzyme that catalyzes decomposition of H202 to water and oxygen

A

catalase

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Q

catalase test:

using 3% H202

A

aerobic catalase test

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Q

catalase test:

using 15% H202
+ result: BUBBLE formation

A

anaerobic catalase test

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Q

test to differentiate staphylococci from streptococci

A

catalase test

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Q

gram +, catalase +

A

staphylococci

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Q

gram +, catalase -

A

streptococci

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Q

type of coagulase:

causes bacterial cells to agglutinate in plasma directly

A

cell bound/ clumping factor

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Q

type of coagulase:

causes clot formation when bacterial cells are incubated with plasma

A

unbound/ free coagulase

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Q

spreading factor enzyme

A

hyaluronidase

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Q

has fibrinolytic activity, dissolves fibrin clot

A

staphylokinase

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Q

-fat splitting enzyme
-produced by both catalase +, - for survival in sebaceous areas

A

lipase

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Q

gives the pathogen more mobility

A

DNAse and phosphatase

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Q

breaks down penicillin causing resistance to penicillin

A

beta lactamase

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Q

neurotoxin that stimulates vomiting

A

enterotoxins- heat stable

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have the ability to interact with T cells causing aggresive immune response

TSS-1

enterotoxin that is responsible for food poisoning

enterotoxin A, B, D

enterotoxin associated with psuedomembranous enterocolitis

enterotoxin B

-cytolytic toxin -kills WBC -responsible for necrotizing infections

leukocidin/ panton-valentine leukocidin

causes anemia- makes iron available for microbial growth

hemolysin

hemolysin that is associated with PVL

delta hemolysin

-causes the epidermal layer of the skin to slough off -causes SSS or ritter disease

exfoliatin A, B epidermolytic toxin A, B

cause of almost all cases of menstruating-associated TSS

TSST-1 enterotoxin/ toxic shock syndrome 1/ pyogenic exotoxin

antiphagocytic by competing with neutrophils

protein A

-single criterion of pathogenicity of S. aureus -RABBIT PLASMA

coagulase test

coagulate test: used to screen catalase + colonies

slide method

coagulase test: used as definitive test

tube method

differentiate pathogenic from non pathogenic staphylococci pathogenic staph- ferments MANNITOL

mannitol fermentation test

test to differentiate s. aureus from s. intermedius

voges-proskauer test

VP test: s. aureus

+

VP test: s. intermedius

-

-normal flora of skin -contaminant of medical instruments

staph epidermidis

provides adherence to devices

poly-gamma-DL-glutamic acid

associated with community acquired UTI in young, sexually active females

staph saprophyticus

-coagulase negative staphylococci that is confused with s. aureus

s. lugdunensis

gene produced by staphylococci: -inactivating enzymes -confer cross resistance to macrolides and streptogramins

erm genes

gene produced by staphylococci: -codes efflux mechanism -resistance to erythromycin but susceptibility to clindamycin

msr A gene

drug for staphylococcal infections that is most widely used for penicillin resistant infx

oxacillin

a better marker of resistance than oxacillin

cefoxitin

preferred method by detection of methicillin resistance

cefoxitin disk diffusion method

used to detect clindamycin resistance

double disk diffusion test

gold standard for MRSA detection

nucleic acid probes or PCR amplification

detection of both clumping factor and protein A

latex agglutination test

-gram +, catalase - -normal flora but when they gain access to normally sterile areas= life threatening infection -GRAYISH, pinpoint, translucent to opaque colonies,mucoid

streptococci

all streptococci are facultative anaerobe except for - which is an obligate anaerobe

peptostreptococci

all streptococci except the - group have a layer of C-carbohydrate

viridans

classification of streptococci based on TEMPERATURE

academic/ bergey's classification

specie: streptococcus pyogenes

pyogenic group

species: streptococcus salivarius, mutans, mitis

viridans group

species: s. lactis (cause natural souring of milk)

lactic group

specie: e. faecalis

enterococcus group

classification of streptococci based on HEMOLYTIC PATTERNS

smith's and brown classification

-partial/ incomplete hemolysis of RBC around the colony -GREEN hemolysis -s. pneumoniae

alpha-hemolytic streptococci

-complete lysis of RBC around the colony -CLEAR area or zone

beta-hemolytic streptococci

-no lysis of RBC around colony -e. fecalis

gamma-hemolytic streptococci

classification of streptococci based on the extraction of C CARBOHYDRATE

lancefield classifiication/ antigen serotyping

found out that C carbohydrate can be extracted from cell wall by placing in DILUTE ACID and heating for 10 MINS

rebecca lancefield

mostly significant in classifying and identifying b hemolytic streptococci

lancefield classification/ antigen serotyping

group - streptococci: -pathogenic to man -contains M PROTEIN -s. pyogenes

group A

fever producing bacteria, flesh eating bacteria

streptococcus pyogenes

protein for adherence to mucosal cells

protein M

protein that mediates epithelial cell attachment

protein F

VF for bacterial adherence to respiratory epithelium

lipoteichoic acid

enzymes/ toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes: -hemolysin 'oxygen LABILE' -highly antigenic -responsible for hemolysis on BAP incubated ANAEROBICALLY

streptolysin O

detects recent infection with s. pyogenes 4-fold titer

anti-streptolysin O test

enzymes/ toxins produced by Streptococcus pyogenes: -hemolysin 'oxygen STABLE'

streptolysin S

mediates rash in scarlet fever

exotoxin B

associated disease/ infection: pharyngitis or tonsilitis strep throat

streptococcus pyogenes/ group A

associated disease/ infection: a punctuate exanthem overlying diffuse erythema and appears initially on the neck and upper chest following strepthroat

scarlet fever/ scarlatina streptococcus pyogenes/ group A

-results from throat infection with stain of S. pyogenes that carries lysigenic bacteriophage T12 - red rash on upper chest and STRAWBERRY COLORED TOUNGE -BLANCHING phenomenon on schultz charlton

scarlet fever/ scarlatina

associated disease/ infection: diffuse, spreading infection of subcutaneous skin tissue characterized by redness/ erythema and accumulation of fluid/edema

cellulitis s. pyogenes/ group A

associated disease/ infection: is an acute infection and inflammation of the dermal layer of the skin characterized by painful reddish patches that enlarge and thicken with sharply defined edge

erysipelas s. pyogenes/ group A

associated disease/ infection: galloping gangrene or flesh eating bacteria syndrome

steptococcus pyogenes/ group A

type - necrotizing fasciitis consist of only group A streptococci

type 2

associated disease/ infection: fever, inflammation of heart, joints and blood vessels - complication of pharyngitis

rheumatic fever s. pyogenes/ group A

associated disease/ infection: inflammatory disease of renal glomeruli, complication of pharyngitis

brights disease/ acute glomerulonephritis s. pyogenes/ group A

associated disease/ infection: condition in which an entire organ system shuts down leading to death, includes pharyngitis. SPE A plays a major role in pathogenesis of this dx

streptococcal TSS s. pyogenes/ group A

-by unwashed hands of mother or health care worker to newborn -cause infection of fetus -recommended for all pregnant women to be screened at 35-37 weeks -s. agalactiae

group B streptococci

test to differentiate S. agalactiae from other B-hemolytic streprtococci

camp test. hippurate hydrolysis

streptococci that is resistant to both bacitracin and SXT

s. agalactiae

-organisms recovered from URT -posses M protein like group A streptococci -s. dysagalactiae, s. equl

group c and g streptococci

group - main source of streptokinase- an animal pathogen

group C

large colony forming b hemolytic isolates with group C and G antigens belong to

s. dysagalactiae subsp. equisimilis

small colony forming b hemolytic isolates with group C and G antigens belong to

s. anginosus group

-oropharyngeal commensals, normal in throat spx -opportunistic, fastidious -most common cause of subacute bacterial endocarditis SBE

viridans streptococci

also known as alpha-prime streptococci that lack lancefield group antigens

viridans streptococci

group of viridans streptococci that causes subacute bacterial endocarditis/ SBE

s. mitis

group of viridans streptococci: s. conselllatus s. intermedius

s. anginosus

group of viridans streptococci: s. sobrinus

s. mutans

group of viridans streptococci: s. vestibularis s. thermophilus

s. salivarius

group of viridans streptococci: s. equinus s. gallolyticus s. infantarius s. alactolyticus

s. bovis

most commonly isolated viridans streptococci

s. mutans

also known as WIDE ZONE hemolysis, colonies surrounded by a very small zone of no hemolysis

alpha-prime hemolysis

-formerly known as GROUP D streptococci -contains D antigen -may exhibit pseudocatalase reaction -E. faecalis, faecium, avium, gallinarum, durans, raffinosus

enterococci

most commonly isolated enterococci

e. faecalis

has a characteristic SWEET ODOR OF HONEYSUCKLE or BUTTERSCOTCH

streptococci anguinosus

helpful in differentaiating aerococcus and leuconostoc from other gram + cocci

leucine amino peptidase LAP test

ASO titer test is used for

Streptococcus pyogenes