Rojo y Naranja Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
What type of organism are plants?
A
multicellular
2
Q
What type of organism are animals?
A
multicellular
3
Q
What type of organism are fungi?
A
either single celled or mycelium, with thread like hyphae that contain lots of nuclei
4
Q
What type of organism are protoctists?
A
single celled and microscopic
5
Q
What type of organism are bacteria?
A
single celled and microscopic
6
Q
What type of organism are viruses?
A
particles, not cells, as can only reproduce inside living cells (parasite)
7
Q
Can plants photosynthesise?
A
Yes because they have chloroplasts
8
Q
Can animals photosynthesise?
A
No because they don’t have chloroplasts
9
Q
Can fungi photosynthesise?
A
No.
They feed by saprotrophic nutrition (extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material, and the absorption of organic products)
10
Q
Can protoctists photosynthesise?
A
Some have chloroplasts and are similar to plant cells, while others don’t and are more like animal cells
11
Q
Can bacteria photosynthesise?
A
Some can photosynthesise, but most feed off other living or dead organisms
12
Q
Do plants have cell walls? If so, what are they made of?
A
Yes, made of cellulose
13
Q
Do animals have cell walls? If so, what are they made of?
A
No
14
Q
Do fungi have cell walls? If so, what are they made of?
A
Yes, made of chitin
15
Q
Do viruses have cell walls? If so, what are they made of?
A
No. They don’t have a cellular structure.
Instead, they have a protein coat around some nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
16
Q
How do plants store carbohydrates?
A
sucrose or starch
17
Q
How do animals store carbohydrates?
A
often as glycogen
18
Q
How do fungi store carbohydrates?
A
can as glycogen
19
Q
What are two examples of plants?
A
cereals - maize
herbaceous legumes - peas
20
Q
What are two examples of animals?
A
mammals - humans
insects - mosquitos
21
Q
What are two examples of fungi?
A
single celled - yeast
multicellular (w/mycelium and hyphae) - mucor
22
Q
What are two examples of protoctists?
A
plant cell like - chlorella
animal cell like - amoeba (lives in plant water)
23
Q
What are two examples of viruses?
A
Influenza virus (causes flu) HIV virus (causes AIDS)
24
Q
What are two examples of bacteria?
A
rod shaped - lactobacillus (makes milk go sour and turn into yogurt)
spherical shape - pneumococcus
25
What is an example of a protoctist which causes disease (is a pathogen)?
Plasmodium - malaria
26
What is an example of a bacterium which causes disease (is a pathogen)?
Pneumococcus - pneumonia
27
What is an example of a virus which causes disease (is a pathogen)?
Influenza virus - flu
| HIV virus - AIDS
28
What is the function of a nucleus?
- contains genetic material
| - controls the activities of the cell
29
What is the function of a cytoplasm?
- gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.
- contains enzymes to control these reactions
30
What is the function of a cell membrane?
- controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell
31
What is the function of a cell wall?
- rigid structure (made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi)
- supports the cell and strengthens it
32
What is the function of a chloroplast?
- contain chlorophyll which absorb light energy for PHOTOSYNTHESIS to make food for the plant
33
What is the function of a vacuole?
- contains cell sap
| - supports the cell (keeps it turgid)
34
What are the chemical elements present in carbohydrates?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
35
What are the chemical elements present in proteins?
Nitrogen
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
36
What are the chemical elements present in lipids?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
37
The structure of Carbohydrates: large molecules of ... made up from smaller basic units of ...
The structure of Carbohydrates: large molecules of STARCH AND GLYCOGEN made up from smaller basic units of SIMPLE SUGAR (eg. maltose)
38
The structure of Proteins: large molecules of ... made up from smaller basic units of ...
The structure of Proteins: large molecules of PROTEINS made up from smaller basic units of AMINO ACIDS
39
The structure of Lipids: large molecules of ... made up from smaller basic units of ...
The structure of Lipids: large molecules of LIPID made up from smaller basic units of GLYCEROL AND FATTY ACIDS
40
What is the test for glucose?
- add Benedict's reagent (blue)
- heat it
- if glucose is present, there will be a coloured precipitate which changes all the way to brick red
- you can see conc. of glucose by looking at colour of precipitate
41
What is the test for starch?
- add Iodine solution (browny-orange)
| - if iodine is present, sample will go blue-black
42
Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on *amylase* activity
- amylase breaks down starch into maltose
- you can record how long it takes for the starch in a solution to disappear to see the activity of amylase.
- use iodine solution (blue black in starch) to regularly sample the starch solution
- you can adjust all variables (eg. temp of water bath) to see how it affects enzyme activity
(-control all variables (eg. volume of solution, pH etc to make fair test)
43
What are the two ways of investigating the effect of temperature on enzyme activity?
- amylase and starch (disappearing substate)
| - decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with catalase (appearance of a product)
44
Describe an experiment to investigate the effect of temperature on *catalase* activity
- the enzyme catalase catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.
- you can collect the oxygen produced and measure how much is given off in a set period of time
- you can adjust all variables (eg. temp of water bath) to see how it affects enzyme activity
(-control all variables (eg. volume of solution, pH etc to make fair test)
45
What are the three factors which affect the rate of movement of substances? (same as rates of reaction)
- temperature
- concentration gradient
- surface area: volume ratio
46
Diffusion experiment in a non living system
- make agar jelly out of phenolphthalein indicator and sdilute odium hydroxide
- fill beaker with dilute HCl
- cut a few cubes of agar and put in HCl
- leave cubes, and the will go colourless as the acid diffuses into the jelly and neutralises the sodium hydroxide
(-use diff sizes to investigate surface area to volume ratio, ROM)
47
Osmosis experiment in a living system
- Cut equally sized potato pieces.
- place a few pieces in a beaker with pure water, and a few in a beaker with very concentrated sugar or salt solution
- after a given amount of time (1h) remove them and record difference in weight/length
- the ones in sugar water will have shrunk as the water is drawn out by osmosis. The others will have drawn in water so will be larger
48
How are leaves adapted for photosynthesis? (5)
- broad, large surface area exposed to light
- chloroplasts found in palisade layer so closer to light
- upper epidermis is transparent so light can pass through onto palisade layer
- vascular bundle of xylem and phloem deliver water and nutrients to every part of the leaf and take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis. Also help to support the leaf's structure
- waxy cuticle reduces water loss by evaporation
49
How are leaves adapted for gas exchange? (3)
- broad, large surface area for diffusion
- thin, gases travel only short distances to reach cells
- air spaces: enable CO2 and O2 to move easily between cells & increase surface area for gas exchange
- stomata let gases diffuse in and out. Also allows water to escape by transpiration
50
When do the stomata close? (2) What controls this?
- in the dark: photosynthesis doesn't happen so stomata doesn't need to open to let CO2 in. When the stomata is closed water can't escape, keeping plant from drying out
- when the roots don't have much water: this stops the plant from photosynthesising (poo) but stops plant from drying out and dying
- opening and closing of stomata is controlled by the guard cells
51
What are the three things that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
1) Temperature
2) Light Intensity
3) Carbon dioxide concentration
52
What are the four things that affect the rate of transpiration?
1) Temperature
2) Light intensity
3) Wind Speed
4) Humidity
53
What are nitrates needed for?
- cell growth
54
What are phosphates needed for?
- respiration and growth
55
What is potassium needed for?
- helping enzymes needed for photosynthesis and respiration
56
What is magnesium needed for?
- making chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis
57
What do nitrates contain? For making what?
Nitrates contain nitrogen for making amino acids and proteins
58
What do phosphates contain? For making what?
Phosphates contain phosphorus for making DNA and cell membranes
59
Plants without Nitrates...
- stunted growth
| - yellow older leaves
60
Plants without Phosphates...
- poor root growth
| - purple older leaves
61
Plants without Potassium...
- poor fruit and flower growth
| - discoloured leaves
62
Plants without Magnesium...
- yellow leaves
63
Photosynthesis experiment: Testing a leaf for starch
- kill the leaf by dunking it in boiling water (stops any chemical reactions)
- put leaf in boiling tube with ethanol, heat tube in water bath. (removes any chlorophyll from the leaf)
- rinse the leaf in cold water
- add iodine solution - will go blue black if starch is present
64
Photosynthesis experiment: Chlorophyll and variegated leaves
- Take a variegated leaf from a plant that has been exposed to light
- test for starch, proving that green bits contain chlorophyll and can photosynthesise to produce starch, white bits can't and don't
65
Photosynthesis experiment: CO2, soda lime and bell jar
- Put a plant and some soda lime in a sealed bell jar
- the soda lime will absorb CO2 out of the air in the jar
- after a while, remove the plant and check a leaf for starch - won't go blue black, showing CO2 is needed for photosynthesis
66
Photosynthesis experiment: Light
- leave a plant in a cupboard for 24h
| - cut leaf and test for starch - won't go blue black, showing light is needed for photosynthesis
67
Photosynthesis experiment: Oxygen production in canadian pondweed shows effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis
rate at which pondweed produces O2 ∝ rate of it photosynthesising
- place light source stated distance from pondweed
- leave pondweed to photosynthesise for a set amount of time
- O2 will collect in a capillary tube
- use a syringe to draw gas bubbles along to a ruler and measure their length. length ∝ volume of CO2 produced
(- use diff distances from light in repeats)
68
Source of Carbohydrates...
pasta, rice, sugar
69
Source of Lipids...
butter, oily fish
70
Source of Proteins...
meat, fish
71
Source of Vitamin A...
liver
72
Source of Vitamin C...
oranges
73
Source of Vitamin D...
eggs
74
Source of Calcium...
milk, cheese
75
Source of Iron...
red meat
76
Source of Dietary Fibre...
wholemeal bread
77
Function of Carbohydrates...
Energy
78
Function of Lipids...
Energy
Act as energy store
Insulation
79
Function of Proteins...
Growth and repair of tissue
| Energy in emergencies
80
Function of Vitamin A...
Improve vision
| Keep skin and hair healthy
81
Function of Vitamin C...
Prevent Scurvy
82
Function of Vitamin D...
Calcium absorption
83
Function of Calcium...
Make bones and teeth
84
Function of Iron...
Make haemoglobin for healthy blood
85
Function of Dietary fibre...
Aids the movement of food through the gut
86
Function of mouth...(2)
- salivary glands produce amylase to break down food *chemically*
- teeth break down food *mechanically*
87
Function of oesophagus...(1)
- the muscular tube which connects the mouth and the stomach
88
Function of stomach...(3)
- pummels the food with muscular walls
- produces pepsin (protease enzyme)
- pruduces HCL:
- to kill bacteria
- to give an acidic pH for the pepsin
89
Function of small intestine...(2)
- produces protease, amylase, and lipase to complete digestion
- nutrients are absorbed here: out of the alimentary canal and into the body
90
Function of large intestine...(1)
- where excess water is absorbed from the food
91
Function of pancreas...(1)
- produces protease, amylase, and lipase , amd releases them into the small intestine
92
Where is bile produced?
Liver
93
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
94
What are the 5 main stages of digestion?
1) Ingestion
2) Digestion
3) Absorption
4) Assimilation
5) Egestion
95
What is Ingestion?
Putting food or drink in your mouth (duh)
96
What is digestion? (definition)
The breaking down of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules
97
Where does mechanical digestion occur?
- teeth
| - stomach muscles
98
Where does chemical digestion occur?
- enzymes
| - bile
99
What is absorption? (definition)
- The process of moving molecules through the walls of the intestines into the blood.
- It is aided by villi
100
Where is food absorbed? Where is water absorbed?
- Food is absorbed in the small intestine and water is absorbed in the large intestine.
101
What is assimilation? (def)
Assimilation is the movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used.
102
What is egestion?
the removal of undigested semi-solid waste (faeces) from your anus.
103
What is the difference between egestion and excretion?
Excretion: removal of metabolic waste products from the body. Egestion: removal of undigested semi-solid waste (faeces) from your anus.
104
What is peristalsis?
the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles in the alimentary canal, creating circular wave-like movements which push the contents of the canal forward.
105
Amylase converts ... into ...
Amylase converts *starch* into *maltose*
106
Maltase converts ... into ...
Maltase converts *maltose* into *glucose*
107
Protease converts ... into ...
Protease converts *proteins* into *amino acids*
108
Lipase converts ... into ...
Lipase converts *lipids* into *glycerol and fatty acids*
109
How are the villi adapted for absorption of food in the small intestine? (4)
- big surface area for absorption (by diffusion and active transport)
- each cell on the surface of a villus has microvilli, further increasing SA
- made of a single layer of surface cells
- has a very good capillary (blood) supply
110
What's the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
aerobic:
lots of oxygen
much more effective (more energy released)
anaerobic:
no oxygen
much less effective (less energy released)
111
What's the equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
glucose -> lactic acid (+ energy)
112
What's the equation for anaerobic respiration in plants?
glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy)
113
What does lactic acid do?
- builds up in the muscles, leading to pain and cramps
114
What is a restriction enzyme?
| restriction endonucleases
- Enzymes which cut DNA molecules at specific points.
- They can be used to cut out specific genes from a molecule of DNA when it recognises a certain base sequence in a DNA strand
115
What is a DNA ligase?
An enzyme which joins cut ends of DNA molecules together
116
What is a vector?
DNA molecule used as a vehicle to artificially carry foreign genetic material into another cell, where it can be replicated
117
What two things can act as vectors in genetic modification?
Plasmids
| Vectors
118
How do you create large amounts of human insulin?
- remove the gene for human insulin using a restriction enzyme
- cut open the plasmid using the same restriction enzyme
- use DNA ligase to mix the isolated insulin gene and the opened up plasmid to create recombinant DNA
- insert the recombinant DNA into bacteria
-can be produced in huge numbers using a fermenter
119
What are 'sticky ends'? Why are they good?
The staggered cut made by a restriction enzyme on a piece of DNA
Fragments of DNA with exposed bases are more easily joined by ligase enzymes
120
What are the two ways in which food production is increased by using genetically modified plants?
resistant to...
- insects
- herbicides
this increases crop yield
121
What are clones?
Genetically identical organisms
122
What are the stages of micro propagation?
- take explants off a plant with desirable characteristics
- sterilise explants to kill any microorganisms
- grow explants *in vitro*, meaning placed in a petri dish containing a nutrient medium (containing nutrients for plant to grow and growth hormones)
- cells in the explants divide and grow into clones
123
Describe how bacteria can be genetically modified and used to produce
growth hormone. (4)
The gene for producing growth hormone is cut using a restriction enzyme. A plasmid from bacteria, which acts as a vector, is cut using the same restriction enzyme, and DNA ligase is used to stick the gene for growth hormone and the plasmid together, producing recombinant DNA. The plasmid is then inserted back into the bacteria, where it can reproduce asexually on mass to make growth hormone.
1. gene / allele / DNA for growth hormone ;
2. restriction (endonuclease);
3. ligase;
4. plasmid;
5. vector;
6. recombinant;
124
Explain what is meant by the term transgenic organism (2)
An organism which contains a gene which has been transferred from a different species
1. contains gene / allele / DNA;
2. from different species;
125
Give one example of the use of transgenic organisms. (1)
insulin production/ golden rice/ organ transplants etc.
126
Name the small circle of DNA that is genetically modified in bacteria. (1)
Plasmid
127
Name two enzymes that are used to genetically modify the DNA of the bacteria. (2)
DNA ligase
| restriction enzyme
128
Describe the stages used to produce a cloned mammal. (5)
- remove the nucleus of an egg cell
- insert the nucleus of a body cell of a mammal into the enucleated egg cell
- give the cell an electric shock/ electricity so that it begins to divide by mitosis
- this develops into an embryo
- insert embryo into uterus of a surrogate mother
1. egg (cell) nucleus removed / enucleated / eq;
2. body cell nucleus inserted /
adult cell nucleus inserted / eq;
3. electricity / electric shock;
4. cell division / mitosis;
5. embryo;
6. uterus / womb ;
7. surrogate (mother);
129
Explain how the changes in phosphate levels might cause the decrease in the
number of fish. (5)
Eutrophication Q!!!
1. algae growth / plant growth / algal bloom / eq;
2. block light / eq;
3. plant death / no photosynthesis;
4. bacteria / microbes / decomposers / microorganisms / eq;
5. less oxygen / anoxic / eq;
6. respiration;
130
Waste food and faeces can collect in the mud beneath the fish farm.
Suggest how this could affect the growth of the salmon (3)
1. decrease growth;
2. idea that bacteria / decomposers / microorganisms involved;
3. respiration;
4. less oxygen;
131
What are the SIX key things to remember with fish farming?
- maintenance of water quality
- control of intraspecific (cannibalism lol) and interspecific predation (being eaten by other animals)
- control of disease and parasites
- removal of waste products
- quality and frequency of feeding
- selective breeding
132
We want to breed fish on a large scale because they are a great source of...
protein!
133
What are the advantages of farming fish in tanks compared to cages?
- the water can be monitored to check temp, pH and O2 level
- easy to control type and quantity of food
- water can be filtered to remove waste, avoiding pollution
- you can rear young fish
134
What are the 3 steps of selective breeding?
- select from your existing stock the two organisms which have your desired characteristics, and breed them
- select the best of the parent's offspring, and breed them
- continue this process over several generations and the desirable trait will get stronger and stronger (improving crop yield in plants)
135
What grain is beer made from?
barley
136
What are the stages of making beer?
- leave barley seeds to germinate
- they produce amylase which breaks down the starch into maltose
- the barley is dried in a kiln (malting) to kill the seeds, producing malt
- the malt is ground and mixed with water, producing a sugary solution
- hops are added, giving bitter flavour and stops bacteria growing
- yeast is added and mixture is incupated. Yeast ferments the sugar into ethanol & CO2
(diff species of yeast have diff conc of alcohol)
- beer is tapped off & pasteurized
137
What are the stages in the menstrual cycle?
1) Day 1 - the bleeding starts
2) The uterus lining builds up again by the hormone oestrogen, from day 4 to 14, into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels, ready to recieve a fertilised egg (ovum)
3) An ovum develops and is released from the ovary at day 14.
4) The wall is then maintained for about 14 days until day 28 by the hormone progesterone. If no fertilised ovum has landed on the ovum by 28 the uterus linning breaks down and the whole cycle starts again.
138
What do Phagocytes do?
- detect things which are foreign to the body and then engulf and digest them
- they are non specific, so will attack anything foreign.
139
What do Lymphocytes do?
- detect foreign antigens on the surface of a pathogen, and produce antibodies (proteins) to mark them out for destruction.
- antibodies are specific to that type of antigen, and won't lock onto others
- after, some lymphocytes stay in the blood as memory cells and can produce the same antigen very quickly if it enters the body again
140
What does the plasma carry? (7)
- red and white blood cells
- platelets
- digested food
- CO2
- urea
- hormones
- heat energy
141
the left side of the heart carries ... blood
oxygenated
142
the right side of the heart carries ... blood
deoxygenated
143
Which two blood vessels carry oxygenated blood to and from the heart?
- aorta
| - pulmonary vein
144
Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood to and from the heart?
- vena cava
| - pulmonary artery
145
Which two blood vessels carry blood to the heart?
- vena cava
| - pulmonary vein
146
Which two blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
- aorta
| - pulmonary artery
147
What do the valves in the heart do?
prevent the backflow of blood
148
Explain why breathing rate is higher after excercise. (4)
1. muscle(s);
2. respiration;
3. oxygen required;
4. remove lactic acid;
5. oxygen debt;
6. remove carbon dioxide;
