Roman

Question 1

Features of the Roman Empire

Answer 1

1. Longevity
2. System of Rule and Bureaucracy
3. Laws
4. Built Infrastructure

Question 2

Common Roman Building Materials

Answer 2

Stone
Clay
Wood
Cement

Question 3

Materials chosen based on

Answer 3

• local environment
• climate
• purpose of structure
• budget
• labour supply
• point in history (available technology)

Question 4

How they developed engineering

Answer 4

• labour: large slave work force and soldiers returned from war
• financial resources: conquered many large overseas empires
• materials: worldwide access and knowledge
• neccessity: growing population

Question 5

Types of lime

Answer 5

1. hydraulic

2. non-hydraulic

Question 6

Making cement 1. (quicklime)

Answer 6

CaCO3 —(heat)–> CO2 + CaO

Question 7

Heating Limestone

Answer 7

• fuel: small and dry (pinecones, olive and fruit pits, almond shells)
• 900oC needed
• modern days: furnace
• gallo-roman: kiln

Question 8

what makes a good kiln

Answer 8

• dig kiln down into ground (or into side of hill)
• no wind in stokehole
• tend fire and keep it going at all times

Question 9

Making Cement 2. (slaking)

Answer 9

CaO + H2O –> Ca(OH)2

Question 10

Making Cement

Answer 10

Ca(OH)2 + sand/aggregate + H2O + air –> concrete

Question 11

Hydraulic Lime

Answer 11

• sets in water
• has more than 8% clay
• romans added volcanic tuff or crushed pottery to non-hydraulic lime to make it hydraulic

Question 12

Roman Wall

Answer 12

SANDWICH

• concrete core
• stone facing
• stucco or plaster
• paint (fresco, on plaster)

Question 13

Opus incertum

Answer 13

random stone arrangement

Question 14

Opus reticulatum

Answer 14

regular pattern diamond shape

Question 15

Opus testaceum

Answer 15

brick

Question 16

Quoins

Answer 16

edging at end of walls etc.

Question 17

Opus latericium

Answer 17

parallel rows of bricks

Question 18

Opus mixtum

Answer 18

different styles in one wall

Question 19

Roman Scaffolding

Answer 19

used putlog holes (had scaffold in structure as they built and then removed later)

Question 20

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Answer 20

• architect, likely to have been praefectus fabri (prefect of the works) in Julius Caesar’s army

Question 21

Vitruvius’ fundamental principles of architecture

Answer 21

• Strength/durability
• utility/function
• delight/beauty/design

Question 22

Development of the arch

Answer 22

• corbelled arch
• true arch
• keystone or voussoir arch

Question 23

corbelled arch

Answer 23

triangle above entrance way

• non load bearing (must be butressed)
• earliest arches known in the greek world

Question 24

Keystone arch

Answer 24

true arch

• can be made without mortar
• directs forces directly downwards rather than diagonally into structure as with corbelled arch

Question 25

Barrel vault

Answer 25

extended arch - incredibly strong - can run up a slope - can go around in a circle - distribute weight better than a flat or pitched roof

Question 26

Roman "architectural revolution"

Answer 26

- use of concrete to extend concept of arch to vaults | - development of dome and half dome

Question 27

cross vault

Answer 27

- intersecting barrel vaults - useful for roofing extremely large buildings - useful for intersecting passageways

Question 28

Collosseum

Answer 28

- used barrel vaults and ring vaults to support seating for thousands

Question 29

corbelled dome

Answer 29

- not a true dome

Question 30

domes

Answer 30

- hemisphere resting on masonry or brick drum - an arch rotated 360o - self supporting