Roman Republic to Roman Empire

Question 1

Gaius Marius

Answer 1

a strong military leader who re-organized Roman’s legions by allowing poor to enlist / elected consul 7 times / supported popularis

Question 2

Romulus

Answer 2

founder and first king of Rome | son of Mars along with twin, Remus who he later kills to finish a dispute about where Rome should be / raised by wolves

Question 3

Gauls

Answer 3

a group of Celtic people inhabiting a region of Western Europe (Gaul) - modern day France, Belgium, Italy, Germany, etc. / tribal societies, warrior culture | non-Romans

Question 4

Scipio Africanus

Answer 4

Roman military commander who attacked Africa (thus the name) and Spain and beat Carthage (Hannibal)| Big role in BATTLE OF ZAMA

Question 5

Manipular Legion

Answer 5

a military formation organized into three main lines: Hastati, Principes, Triarii divided into Maniples / allowed army to adapt to different types of combat / new tactical system | STRONGERR

Question 6

Trajan

Answer 6

adopted by Nerva to avoid civil war / first non-Italian emperor (Spain) –> further expands what it means to be emperor | Trajan’s column to commemorate Dacian Wars

Question 7

Tribune of the Plebs

Answer 7

a key office in the Roman Republic / those elected as tribunes could veto actions and were inviolable / elected by lower class (plebs)

Question 8

First Triumvirate

Answer 8

an informal political alliance between Rome’s most powerful figures: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcius Licinius Crassus, with money, power, legitimacy

Question 9

Pietas

Answer 9

a key Roman virtue regarding devotion to FAMILY, STATE, and RELIGION

Question 10

Cleopatra VII

Answer 10

skilled politician with Alexander the Great lineage / created alliance and a relationship w/ Caesar and Anthony

Question 11

Battle of Actium

Answer 11

battle between Octavian and Mark Antony + Cleopatra –> collapse of Antony and Cleopatra’s power and led to their suicides

Question 12

Optimates

Answer 12

a conservative political group in the late Roman Republic, w/ interests of aristocratic patrician class and the Roman Senate | “the best men”

Question 13

Cornelius Sulla

Answer 13

opposite political views from Gaius Marius / an aristocrat who came from new money / established himself a dictator for two years to “fix” Rome, but it doesn’t work / LED THE OPTIMATES

Question 14

Pyrrhus of Epirus

Answer 14

a Greek king and general, known for his conflicts with Rome / king of Epirus and a descendent of Achilles

Question 15

Consuls

Answer 15

the highest-ranking elected officials who held executive authority / two consuls elected annually by the Roman people

Question 16

Tiberius

Answer 16

“The Creep” - successful politician and second emperor of Rome | step-son of Augustus | becomes paranoid and lived out on an island and was rumored to have orgy parties and getting children to bathe with him

Question 17

Battle of Zama

Answer 17

decisive confrontation of the Second Punic War between Roman forces and Carthaginian army | marked the end of a 17-year conflict | Ended Hannibal’s reign on Carthage, led by Scorpio Africus

Question 18

Pater Familias

Answer 18

the male head of the Roman household, w/ lead authority over family (+ slaves) / central to Roman social structure and law

Question 19

Battle of Philippi

Answer 19

series of two battles fought between the Second Triumvirate (Mark Antony, Octavian, Lepidus) and the assassins of Julius Caesar (Brutus and Cassius) –> battle to avenge Julius Caesar

Question 20

Princeps

Answer 20

title used by Octavian meaning “first citizen” | avoids tyranny and brings stability using a more “humble” title

Question 21

Julius Caesar

Answer 21

Roman general who resulted in the downfall of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire / key member of First Triumvirate / conquest of Gaul

Question 22

Claudius

Answer 22

Caligulas’s lame uncle made emperor after his nephew’s assassination / returns peace and prosperity to Rome and occupies Britain / murdered by niece/wife to make NERO (crazy) emperor

Question 23

Gravitas

Answer 23

dignity, seriousness, or solemnity of manner / moral integrity

Question 24

Virtus

Answer 24

virtue, courage, and excellence / broader sense of moral integrity / pietas, graivtas, fides

Question 25

Damnatio Memoriae

Answer 25

obliteration of the memory of a Roman emperor's rule due to being highly disliked by the people / senate | removes statues, coinage, etc. or anything that reminds people of emperor

Question 26

Julio-Claudian Dynasty

Answer 26

first imperial dynasty of Roman Empire founded by Emperor Augustus starting with Augustus and ending with Nero

Question 27

Plebeians

Answer 27

the common people of ancient Rome / mainly farmers, craftsmen, laborers, and merchants

Question 28

Augustus

Answer 28

first emporer of Rome | the "Illustrious One" / Octavian's new name following triumph at Battle of Actium

Question 29

Third Servile War

Answer 29

(Gladitorial War) largest and most famous slave rebellion in Roman history, led by the gladiator, Spartacus.

Question 30

Crassus

Answer 30

one of wealthiest men in Rome and a key figure in First Triumvirate