Rome and the Mediterranean

Question 1

What years was Rome considered a monarchy?

Answer 1

753-509 BCE

Question 2

What years was Rome considered a Republic? (3)

Answer 2

Early Republic- 509-280/264 BCE
Middle Republic- 280/264- 133 BCE
Late Republic- 133-31 BCE

Question 3

What years was Rome considered an Empire?

Answer 3

31 BCE- 476?491?565?634?1071?1453?

Question 4

Who was Polybius?

Answer 4

Contemporary source who wrote an account in the 2nd half of the 2nd century BCE (264-146)

Question 5

Who was Livy?

Answer 5

Source who wrote an account in the early 1st century CE, uses earlier sources.
Covered 753-9 BCE but only 219-166 BCE is now a full account.

Question 6

What were some other sources of this Roman time period?

Answer 6

Plutarch’s Biographies (2nd century CE)
Cassius Dio’s Roman History (3rd century CE)
Archaeology/Epigraphs/Numismatics

Question 7

What was the Roman world like in 290 BCE? (4)

Answer 7

Militaristic society.
Controlled by senators.
Controls most of Italian peninsula through conquest or alliance
Conquest has brought wealth, slaves and manpower (military)

Question 8

What was the Pyrrhic War?And When?

Answer 8

Tarentum requests help from King Pyrrhus of Epirus against Rome.
280-275 BCE.

Question 9

What led up to the First Punic War? (4)

Answer 9

289: Mamertines seize Messana
271: Rhegion seized by mercenaries so Rome restores order.
270: King Hiero II of Syracuse troubles the Mamertines
265: Mamertines appeal to both Carthage and Rome for help

Question 10

What was the Treaty of Lutatius 241 BCE (1st Punic War)?

Answer 10

Carthage must:
Evacuate Sicily
Free Roman prisoners
Pay 3,200 talents in reparations

Question 11

When was the interlude between the First and Second Punic War

Answer 11

241-218 BCE

Question 12

What was the timeframe of the Second Punic War?

Answer 12

218-201 BCE

Question 13

When did Hamilcar Barca land in Spain?

Answer 13

237 BCE

Question 14

What was the cause of the outbreak of the Second Punic War?

Answer 14

Hamilcar Barca besieged Saguntum which even though was South of the Ebro River, it still claimed Roman protection.

Question 15

What did Fabius Cuncator do in the 2nd Punic War?

Answer 15

Avoided meeting Hamilcar Barca in a pitched battle

Question 16

How did Cornelius Scipio (Africanus) win the war?

Answer 16

Destroyed Carthaginian power base in Spain.
Attacked North Africa and defeated Hannibal at Zama in 201 BCE.

Question 17

What were the effects of the 2nd Punic War? (4)

Answer 17

No rival to Rome in Western Mediterranean.
Demonstration of strength of Italian allies.
Massive military mobilisation.
First substantial Roman coinage.

Question 18

What was the 2nd Macedonian War and when?

Answer 18

King Attalus of Pergamum appeal to Rome for help against Philip V of Macedon.
Flaminius defeats Philip at Battle of Cynoscephalae (197 BCE).

200-196 BCE

Question 19

What did Flaminius declare at the Isthmian games in 196 BCE?

Answer 19

“Freedom of the Greeks”

Question 20

When was the Achean League defeated and what was the consequence?

Answer 20

146 BCE
Corinth was razed to the ground.

Question 21

When was the 3rd Punic War?

Answer 21

149-146 BCE

Question 22

What happened during the 3rd Punic War?

Answer 22

King Masinissa of Numidia grew power in North Africa at the expense of Carthage so Carthage attacks.
Cato the Elder- “Carthage must be destroyed”.
Carthage completely destroyed by Scipio Aemilianus.

Question 23

What did the expansion and conquest mean back in Rome?

Answer 23

Massive influx of artwork.
Wealth (made Roman citizens exempt from taxation in 167 BCE)
Slave-based economy from war captives.

Question 24

What does ‘Magna Mater’ mean?

Answer 24

‘Great Mother’

Question 25

What was the case of the Magna Mater?

Answer 25

Rome needed help whilst Hannibal was rampaging through Italy so they consulted the Sybilline Books and the Oracle at Delphi, which recommended bringing the goddess Cybele from the Asia Minor.
Roman citizens still uncomfortable about the foreign aspect of this statue.

Question 26

What was happening to the Mediterranean at this time?

Answer 26

Increasingly connected