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Health Studies > Roop final quiz > Flashcards

Roop final quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What type of BP medication is captopril?

A

Ace inhibitor

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2
Q

what does diaphoretic mean?

A

sweating

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3
Q

An EKG lead consists of two surface electrodes of opposite polarity (____and ____) or one positive surface electrode and a reference point

A

one positive and one negative

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4
Q

A lead composed of 2 electrodes of opposite polarity is called a ___

A

bipolar lead

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5
Q

A lead composed of a single positive electrode and a reference point is called ____

A

unipolar lead

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6
Q

For a routine analysis of hearts electrical activity an ECG recorded from 12 separate leads is used. A 12 lead ECG consists of ____

A
  1. 3 bipolar limb leads (I, II, III)
  2. unipolar limb leads (AVR, AVL and AVF)
  3. 6 unipolar chest leads also called pericardial or V leads.
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7
Q

The 12 lead placement allows you to pinpoint any deficit in ____

A

conduction

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8
Q

___ right forearm or wrist

A

RA

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9
Q

___left forearm or wrist

A

LA

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10
Q

____left lower leg, proximal to ankle

A

LL

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11
Q

___right lower leg, proximal to ankle

A

RL

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12
Q

___4th intercostal space, right sternal edge

A

V1

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13
Q

____4th intercostal space, left sternal edge

A

V2

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14
Q

____midway between V2 and V4

A

V3

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15
Q

____5th intercostal spac, mid clavicular line

A

V4

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16
Q

___anterior axillary line in straight line with V4

A

V5

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17
Q

____mid-axillary line in straight line with V4 and V5

A

V6

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18
Q

____atrial depolarization

A

P wave

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19
Q

____ventricular depolarization

A

QRS

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20
Q

_____ventricular repolarization

A

T wave

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21
Q

____ventricular contraction
-electrically neutral
-should be a flat line
-___elevation means something is wrong with the heart tissue

A

ST segment

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22
Q

_____ventricular Tachycardia
-can not see v-fib on ECG

A

Wide QRS

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23
Q

what do a wide Q wave and deviations in ST segment primarily indicate?

A

MI

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24
Q

what does ST elevations indicate?

A

myocarditis, pericarditis and stress cardiomyopathy

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25
Q

how much oxygen does myocardium uptake?

A

95%, metabolism and blood flow through the heart must be matched normally

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26
Q

-coronary artery derives from ___
1. Right coronary artery: posterior IV and right marginal
2. Left coronary artery: LAD, left marginal and circumflex

A

coronary sulcus

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27
Q

____: blood flow and cardiac metabolism are NOT matched, which can cause necrosis

A

ischemia

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28
Q

_____: is myocardial necorsis with ECG changes showing ST-segment elevation that is NOT quickly reversed by nitroglycerin. Tropin I or tropinin T and CK are elevated

A

ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI, transmural MI)

29
Q

Patient had STEMI MI: troponin appears in plasma soon after ___ and indicated infarction most specific and most sensitive of serum markers

A

damage

30
Q

____appears in the plasma soon after damage and indicated infarction most specific and most sensitive of serum markers

A

Troponin

31
Q

_____: creatine Kinase myocardial bond appears 4 hours after injury and peaks at about 24 hours

A

CK-MB

32
Q

____high LDL, Pain, Hypertension, obese, smoking

A

atherosclerosis

33
Q

____fibrous cap is stable and not going to rupture

A

stable plaque

34
Q

____fibrous cap is thin and can rupture at anytime, can become embolism

A

Unstable plaque

35
Q

Immuno Picture
1. ___extravasate because of previous damage to blood vessel (inflammatory damage to the intima)
2. cells come in and release ___
3. ___moving through blood vessels and macrophages/smooth muscle cells phagocytose: foam cells to fatty streaks
4. Body tries to compensate by walling off

A
  1. macrophages
    2.cytokine
  2. Fatty globules
36
Q

stable plaque sitting there and decreasing lumen, still have blood flow going through with thrombus, can be found in ____

A

intermittent claudication and angina

37
Q

____high possibility of rupturing

A

unstable plaque

38
Q

___destroys collage

A

matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)

39
Q

what are symptoms of MI in women?

A

indigestion, feel acid reflux, abdominal pain, upper back pain (between shoulders), chest pain-localized to area

40
Q

what is a common symptom in women MI that doctors miss?

A

Fatigue

41
Q

what are symptoms of MI in men?

A

severe, steady, chest pain that radiates to left arm, neck and Jaw

42
Q

what are similarties in men and women MI?

A

fever, pallor, dyspnea, diaphoresis, anxiety and hypotension

43
Q

What are risk factors for coronary heart disease?

A

high cholesterol, smoking, not taking medications had previous HTN, diet, age, lack of exercise, menopause and family history

44
Q

what is the histology found in Acute MI

A

yellow necrosis with hyperemic borders, hypereosinophilla and neutrophil infiltration

45
Q

pain stimulates sympathetic NS, How is this reflected in patients signs/symptoms?

A

high respiratory rate and anxious

46
Q

increase in BP= increase workload on ___

A

left ventricle

47
Q

increase in heart rate = ___

A

decrease duration of diastole, leading to decease in blood flow into left ventricle

48
Q

increase ventricular contractility = _____

A

increase workload

49
Q

first purpose of treatment is to ___

A

try to restore oxygen, suplemental oxygen to oxygenate arterial blood

50
Q

nitroglycerin: ____

A

vasodilates

51
Q

to decrease pain give ___ to decrease effects of activation of sympathetic NS

A

morphine

52
Q

what are the surgical treatment options?

A

cardiac catherization: stent or coronary artery bypass graft

53
Q

a decrease in myocardial oxygen consumption causes?

A

decrease preload, decrease left ventricular wall tension and increase subendocardial blood flow

54
Q

-vasodilation of capacitance veins
-vasodilation of systemic and pulmonary arterial beds
-improvement in coronary collateral blood flow
-vasodilation of conductance arteries
-dilation of stenotic epicardial coronary artery segments
-vasodilation of large and medium sized coronary arteries and arterioles
-epicardial coronary artery dilation

A

nitroglycerin to NO

55
Q

____ cycloxygenase inhibitor to decrease possibility of platelet plugs

A

aspirin

56
Q

clot dissolving med is suspect thrombus, ex ____ greatest efficacy if given within one hour of event

A

tPA (tissue plasminogne activator

57
Q

____
-irriverisible inhibition of cyclooxygenage enzyme via acetylation
-small dose 975-325 mg/d) inhibits thromboxane synthesis in platelets (TXA2) but not prostacycling (PG12) synthesis in endothelium (larger dose greater than 1000 mg)

A

aspirin

58
Q

___is a fibrinolytic drug that induces successful recanalization of occluded blood vessels while making sure the surrounding region in viable

A

tPA

59
Q

___breaks down blood clots via conversion of plaminogen to plasmin

A

MOA

60
Q

in tPA activity is regulated by ____, which increases its catalytic efficiency (unlike uPA, other plasminogen activator)

A

fibrin binding

61
Q

tPA:
1. _____binds to fibrin in thrombus
2. converts entrapped plasminogen to plasmin
3. intiates local ___

A
  1. recombinat t-PA (alteplase)
  2. fibrinolysis
62
Q

___pain after eating

A

postprandial chest pain

63
Q

does the patient have pericarditis?

A
  1. yes- previous Gf infection
  2. No-came in having pain upon eating. pain for pericarditis in the center
64
Q

does the patient have ischemia?

A
  1. yes- aspirin did not help and hypertension
  2. no- troponin levels were normal, pain after eating (pain in subxiphoid area) 100% oxygen levels
65
Q

what are Non-cardiac origin?

A

GERD, diverticulitis, Hernia, peptic ulcers and musculoskeletal

66
Q

____yellow around the eyes

A

scleral icterus

67
Q

____
-remove gallbladder because there was high probablity of cholecystitis along with cholelithiasis
-surgery revealed gallbladder filled with gallstones and thickened gangrenous wall
-post-surgically, the gallstones were determined to be of cholesterol origin

A

treatment for patients

68
Q

____gallstones

A

cholelithiasis

69
Q

____inflammation of gallbladder

A

cholecystitis

Health Studies (8 decks)

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