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Pathology RS > RS Pathology Test 1 > Flashcards

RS Pathology Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

A 15 year old male patient presents for a right knee series after sustaining a Varus injury while playing football. AP, lateral, and both oblique radiographs of the knee demonstrate an avulsion fracture of the lateral tibial plateau (segond fractures). What additional imaging modality would be best utilized in the diagnosis for this patient?

A

MRI

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2
Q

Diseases that are present at birth from genetic or environmental factors are classified as:

A

Congenital

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3
Q

Which primary bone tumor should be investigated with the utilization of CT?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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4
Q

“Brittle bone” disease is also known as:

A

Osteogenesis imperfecta

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5
Q

The forward slippage of one vertebra on another describes the pathology:

A

Spondylolisthesis

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6
Q

A protein coat surrounding a genome of either RNA or DNA without an organized cellular structure best describes which type of microorganism?

A

Virus

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7
Q

What skeletal pathology could be a contributing factor for a cervical rib?

A

Transitional vertebrae

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8
Q

The sequence of events producing cellular changes following injury best defines:

A

pathogenesis

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9
Q

A genetic disorder caused by an abnormality on one of the 22 none-sex chromosomes is considered:

A

Autosomal

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10
Q

An abnormal disturbance of the function and structure of the human body following injury refers to:

A

Disease

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11
Q

The most common form of arthritis is:

A

Osteoarthritis

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12
Q

Diseases caused by the disturbance of normal physiologic functions are classified as:

A

Metabolic

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13
Q

The study of the cause of disease is termed:

A

Etiology

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14
Q

Which neoplasm involves a nidus?

A

Osteoid osteoma

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15
Q

Which of the following characteristics does NOT assist the differentiation between a primary metastatic bone lesion as compared to a secondary metastatic bone lesion?

A

Calcification of blood vessels

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16
Q

The lymph node into which the primary neoplasm drains during metastasis is termed the ______ node?

A

Sentinel

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17
Q

In classification of a tumor using the TNIM system, the T refers to the:

A

Size of the primary tumor

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18
Q

Spondylolysis is a result of a cleft or defect in the vertebral:

A

Pars interarticularis

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19
Q

Osteopetrosis requires what type of technical factor change?

A

Increase

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20
Q

Pathology

A

The study of disease

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21
Q

Symptom

A

What we can see

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22
Q

Syndrome

A

signs and symptoms that characterize something as abnormal

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22
Q

Sign

A

What we can’t see

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23
Q

Etiology

A

study of the cause of disease

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24
Nosocomial
Hospital acquired infection
25
Iatrogenic
something that happens because of a health care worker
26
Idiopathic
no cause identified for the disease
27
Acute
short term, sudden, onset
28
Chronic
slow manifestation
29
Sequelae
Long lasting effects
30
Diagnosis
how to identify disease
31
Prognosis
course of disease, what it might look like
32
Subtractive/lytic/destructive
decrease exposure factors
33
Additive/sclerotic
something is growing and making that tissue more dense or harder to penetrate thru
34
Epidemiology
investigation of disease, specific to large groups
35
Prevalence
number of cases of disease, specific to a certain population
36
Incidence
number of new cases in a given period of time
37
NCHS National Center for Health Statistics
Collects death certificates and studies trends (cause and manner)
38
Medicaid
Financial health care support 
39
Medicare
Elderly health care support
40
Physical Map
location of the gene on the chromosomes
41
Genetic map
specifically assigns the difference between genetic markers
42
Heredity
(sex, age, environment, immunity, allergy, nutrition, previous exposure to injury)
43
Virulence
Ease of which an organism can overcome the body's defenses
44
Palliative
often related to end-of-life care
45
Blastic
Growth
46
Lydic
Eats tissue
47
Anaplasia
loss of normal differentiation
48
Disease classifications
TNM system emerged in 50s and endorsed by AJCC T-tumor size (T0-T4) N-node (lymph nodes involved?) number of nodes involved (0-3) M- metastases (has it spread?) (0 or 1) Addition of numbers indicates the extend of malignancy and progressive increase in size or involvement of tumor (T0-T4)
49
3 types of joints:
Fibrous/synarthrodial Cartilaginous/amphiarthodial Intervertebral joints
50
MRI
soft tissue and ligaments
51
CT
Bone
52
Nuclear medicine
Radiation comes from the patient
53
Osteopetrosis
CLCN7 gene, marble bone, radiographic appearance and change in technical factors- additive pathology
54
Achondroplasia
most common inherited disorder, autosomal dominant gene at 4p chromosomes (FGFR3 gene), treatment
55
Chondrosarcoma
Malignant tumor of atypical cartilage, less common (less than 10% of malignant skeletal tumors), 5-year survival rate 40%
56
Ewing sarcoma:
Malignancy bone tumor occurring between ages 5-15 years, arises from medullary canal and can affect entire shaft of long bones, extremely malignant, onionskin or laminated appearance
57
Osteosarcoma:
Most common on primary malignancy except for myeloma, arises from osteoblasts, poor prognosis
58
Giant cell tumor (GCT):
Presence of osteoclastic giant cells, may be either benign or malignant, soap bubble
59
Osteoblastoma
Larger than 2 cm, involves spine, not associated with any bony reaction osteolytic reaction
60
Osteoid osteoma:
Smaller than 2 cm, involves femur and tibia may have extreme pain radiolucent area in the nidus
61
Enchondroma
slow growing and composed of cartilage (often seen in the marrow space)
62
Osteoma
hyperostosis frontalis interna
63
Osteochondroma (exostosis
most common benign bone tumor, exostoses
64
(UBC)- simple unicameral bone cyst
seen in long bones of kids- decrease technical factors
65
Staging system for bone tumors
Enneking, Benign tumors stage 1,2,3 Malignant tumors I, II, III and include histologic grade, extent of tumor, presence of metastic disease
66
Both anterior and posterior
unstable fx
67
Anterior or posterior fx-
stable fx
68
Spondylolisthesis
most common at L5-S1
69
Benign
osteoma, osteochondroma, giant cell tumor
70
Malignant
osteosarcoma (metaphasis), Ewing tumor (medullary tissue), multiple myeloma (plasma cells) results in skeletal destructions
71
OMA
new growth
72
Hyperparathyroidism
primary, secondary (over producing calcium)
73
Acromegaly
a rare condition where the body produces too much growth hormone, causing body tissues and bones to grow more quickly
74
Osteoporosis
major cause of fractures of hip, spine and wrist, treatment- hormone replacement therapy
75
Ankylosing spondylitis:
Marie-strumpell disease (more common in men) Mainly involves vertebral column Bamboo spine Blood serum analysis Treatment
76
-Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA):
younger than 16 at onset, symptoms of arthritis in one or more joints at elast 6 weeks, onset assigned to one of three JRA onset types Pauiarticular- 4 or less Polyarticular- 5 or more Systemic- joints or organs
77
-Gouty arthritis
-Generally involves MTP joint of great toe -Excessive uric acid levels -Tophi -Serum blood analysis -Treatment
78
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Presence of autoantibody, known as serologic rheumatoid factor (RF), surgical intervention, ACR/EULAR criteria Synovitis in at least one joint Absense of alternative diagnosis for synovitis 6 or greater from domains of: Number and site of involved joints, serologic abnormality, elevated acute phase response, symptom duration
79
Arthropathies
arthritis, bursitis, tendonitis, tenosynovitis
80
Psoriatic with psoriasis
associated with psoriasis, rheumatoid like and affects mostly DIP joints of hand and feet
81
Reiter syndrome-
variant of rheumatoid arthritis, associated with bacterial infections, SI joints, calcaneus, toes, “lovers” heel, nuclear medicine, treatment
82
Tuberculosis
Pott disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis Most commonly affects hip, knee and spine Radiographic appearance
83
Sequestrum
Dead or DE vascularized bone
84
Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and Group B streptococci
Contiguous infections Direct introductions of microorganism Elevated ESR or CPR
85
Craniosynostoses
often associated with Apert syndrome
86
Anencephaly
neural tube defect, brain and cranial volt do not form, sonography
87
Larsen syndrome-
mutation of FLNB gene affecting production of filament B protein
88
Classifications of Fractures:
Condition of the skin (open or closed wound) Mechanical stress- torsion/twisting, transverse, linear, spiral, impacted, avulsion, burst Location Common terms
89
Hypertrophy
an increase and growth of muscle cells
90
Hyperplasia
a condition where an organ or tissue increases in size due to an increase in cell production
91
Metaplasia
Transforms a cell from one form to another; caused by external stimulus; can be reversible; less likely to lead to cancer
92
Dysplasia
Transforms a cell into an abnormal version of itself; caused by internal stimulus; is not reversible; more likely to lead to cancer
93
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
-classified I-VII Mutations in structural genes that encode alpha 1 and alpha 2 peptides of type ! Collagen OI congenita OI tarda Radiographic appearance
94
Polydactyly
a condition in which a person has more than five fingers or toes on one, or on each, hand or foot.
95
Club foot- Talipes
a congenital foot deformity that causes one or both feet to turn inward and downward
96
Paget disease/osteitis deformans
a chronic disorder that causes bones to grow abnormally, resulting in bone deformity and weakness.
97
Non union vs malunion
malunion is when a broken bone heals abnormally, while a nonunion is when a broken bone doesn't heal at all
98
Manifestation
a visible or outward expression of a disease or abnormal condition
99
Classifications of disease:
Congenital- disease present at birth and result from genetic or environmental factors Hereditary- caused by developmental disorders genetically transmitted from either parent onto the child through their abnormalities of individual genes in chromosomes Inflammatory-disease that results from the body's reaction to a localized injurious agent (debridement) Degenerative- disease caused by a deterioration of the body and are also a process of aging Metabolic-disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body (fluid imbalance, endocrine disorders, homeostasis) Traumatic- disease that may result from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or from the effects of ionizing radiation on the body Neoplastic- disease that results in new abnormal tissue growth (lesion, benign neoplasm, malignant neoplasm, metastatic spread)

Pathology RS (2 decks)

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