Rules Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
When do we use present simple?
A
- Habits, truths , unchanging situations
- Routines
- Thoughts, opinions, feelings, 5 senses
- with adverb of frequency: usually, never, once a week, every day
2
Q
When do we use present continuous?
A
- for actions in progress at the time of speaking
- for future arrangements
3
Q
When do we use be + going to + infinitive?
A
- future plans and intentions
- predictions
4
Q
When do we use future simple (will + infinitive)?
A
- instant decisions
- promises
- offers
- predictions
- future facts
- suggestions
5
Q
Shall or will
A
We use shall with I and we for offers and suggegions when they are questions
6
Q
When do we use present perfect tense?
A
- past experience - (when we don’t specify a time)
- recent past actions
- with yet and already
7
Q
When do we use past simple?
A
for finished past actions
(when the time is mentioned or uderstood)
8
Q
Where do we use never and ever?
A
They go before the main verb.
9
Q
Where do we use just?
A
Just goes before the main verb
10
Q
When do we use already?
A
already is used in positive sentences
11
Q
When do we use yet?
A
yet is used with negative sentences and in questions.
12
Q
Where do we use already?
A
already goes before the main verb.
13
Q
Where do we use yet?
A
yet goes at the end of the phrase.
14
Q
When do we use for/since?
A
We use the present perfect [continuous] + for/since
for - a period of time
since - a point of time
Don’t use the present simple/continues with for/since
15
Q
When do we use the present perfect continuous tense?
A
We use the present perect continuous to talk about recent continuous actions which have either just stopped or are still continuing.
Present perfect continuous can also be used to show the cause or result of a present situation.
I’ve been cleaning the house all afternoon I’ve just finished)
I’ve not been sleeping well recently (I still hve problems sleeping at night)
She has been working on a project all day. She is very tired
16
Q
When do we use the preposition in?
A
Location, shape, color, liquids
in the sop
in red
in my coffee
in large
17
Q
When do we use the preposition on?
A
surfaces, schedules, dates, events
on tour
on hilday
on fire
on time
on a plane
18
Q
When do we use the preposition at?
A
State place, times, events
at the park
at 7 pm
at work
at a concert
19
Q
When do we use the preposition for?
A
Purpose for action/reason, duration
for my friends
for my state exam
for 2 days
20
Q
What types of pronoun do we need to use after than or as
A
We can use an object pronoun (me, him, her, …) or a subject pronoun (I, he, she,…) + auxiliary verb
She’s taller than me.
OR
She’s taller than I am
NOT She’s taller than I
21
Q
-ed or -ing adjectives
A
We use the adjective ending in -ed for the person who has the feeling.
We use t he adjective ending in -ing for a person or situation that produces the feeling.
I was very frustratED that I
couldn’t scuba-dive.
I couldn’t join in the conversation, which
was very frustratING
22
Q
When do we use Reflexive pronouns?
A
- We use reflexive pronouns when the object of a verb is the same as the subject
- We also use reflexive pronouns to emphasize the subject of an action,
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourself,yourself, themself
23
Q
must VS have to
for duty
A
Must подразумевает, что вы верите в то, что должны что-то сделать. Вы считаете это правильным и нужным
.
Have to переводится словами «приходится», «вынужден» и показывает, что вы должны что-то сделать, так как этого требуют обстоятельства или внешние обязательства, например правила и законы.
24
Q
mustn’t VS don’t have to
A
Mustn’t показывает запрет и переводится как «не иметь права».
Don’t have to показывает отсутствие необходимости. Мы можем совершить действие, но в этом нет нужды. (не приходится, нет нужды)
25
should VS must VS have to
for advice
**Should** передает обычный совет и переводится словами «стоит», «следует».
**must** мы используем, когда хотим дать настойчивый совет. (непременно следует, непременно стоит, должен)
**have to** - эмоциальный совет. (ты должен)
26
When do we use **Must**?
* обязанность - по убеждению (*должен, обязан*)
* настойчивый совет - (*непременно следует*)
## Footnote
only present tense
27
When do we use **Mustn't**?
Запрет - (*нельзя, не иметь права*)
## Footnote
only present tense
28
When do we use **Have to**?
* обязанность - по обстоятельствам (*приходится, вынужден*)
* эмоциональный совет - (*ты должен*)
## Footnote
any tense
29
When do we use **Don't have to**?
Отсутствие необходимости - (*не приходится, не надо*)
30
When do we use **Should/shouldn't**?
Совет - *(не)следует, (не)стоит*
## Footnote
You can use ought to/ought not to
31
What does mean **have got to**?
It is the same as **have to**
32
Where do we use **should have**?
We use **should have** to talk about something that happened in the past that you think was wrong.
## Footnote
You should have written me a thank-you letter. = you didn't
write to me. I think this was wrong.
33
WIN vs BEAT
You **win** a match, competition, medal, or trophy.
You **beat** another team or person
## Footnote
NOT Milan won Ghelsea.
34
When do we use past contiuous tense?
1. We use the past continuous to talk about an action in progress at a specific time in the past.
2. We often use the past continuous to describe a past action in progress which was interrupred by another action (expressed in the past simple).
3. We often use the past continuous with **while** for two actions happening at the same time.
4. We often use the past continuous to describe the beginning of a story or anecdote.
35
When do we use past perfect tense?
We use the past perfect when we are talking about the past and we want to talk about an earlier past action.
## Footnote
When john arrived, they **went out**. (= first John arrived and then they went out)
When john arrived, they **had gone out**. ( = they went out before John arrived)
36
How do we use narrative tenses together?
* Use the past continuous (was raining, was watching) to set the scene.
* Use the past simple (heard, got up, etc.) to say what happened.
* Use the past perfect (had knocked, had disappeared) to say what happened before the previous past action.
37
used to or past simple?
We can use **used to** or **past simple** for repeated actions or states, and the meaning is the same.
But if the action happened only once, or we mention exact dates or number of times, we have to use **past simple**.
## Footnote
I went to Paris last year. NOT I used to go to Paris last year.
38
any more and any longer
We often use not. .. any more / any longer (= not now) with the present simple to contrast with used to.
## Footnote
I used to go to the gym, but I don't (go) any more / any longer.
39
be used to and get used to
Don't confuse used to / didn't use to (do sth) with [be used to] or [get used to] (doing sth).
## Footnote
I [am used to getting up] early every day. (= I am accustomed to it. I always do it so it is not a problem for me.)
Lola can't [get used to living] in the UK. (= She can't get accustomed to it . It is a problem for her.)
40
usually vs used to
1. For present habits we can use [usually] or [normally] + present simple.
2. For past habits we use [used to] / [didn't use to] + infinitive.
3. [used to] does not exist in the present tense
## Footnote
NOT *I use to* get up at 8.00 during the week.
41
When do we use the passive
1. We often use the passive when it's not said, known, or important who does an action.
2. If you want to say who did the action, use **by**:
* We can often say things in two vvays, in the active or in the
passive. Compare:
Batman Begins *was directed by Christopher Nolan*. ( = the
focus is more on the film)
Christopher Nolan directed Batman Begins in 2005. ( = the
focus is more on Nolan)
* We form negatives and questions in the same way as in
active sentences.
Some fims** aren't shot** on location.
**Is** your car **being** repaired today?
* * We often use the passive to talk about processes, for example scientific processes, and in formal writing, such as newspaper reports.
Then the water **is heated **to 100 degrees ...
Many buildings in the city **have been damaged** by the earthquake
42
What is the first conditional?
And how do we use it?
Likely possible situation **in the future**
IF + present simple + will/won't + verb
## Footnote
If I sleep early I wake up early, too
If I eat watermelon I will get a stomach cramp
43
When do we use present perfect continuous tense ?
We use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about an action or situation that started in the past and has continued up to the present time.
Subject + has/have + been + verb (ing)
## Footnote
Have you been reading this book?
I have been reading this book.
44
When do we use past perfect continuous tense?
We use the past perfect continuous tense to talk about an action or situation that started and continued in the past until another action or time in the past.
Subject + **had**+ been + verb (ing)
## Footnote
I had been waiting for you - больше не жду
45
What is a compound sentence?
A compoud sentence consists of **two independent clauses** joined with connective (and/because/or/etc..)
## Footnote
I loved visiting Ireland **but** it's a pretty cold place, too!
46
What is a complex sentence?
A complex sentence consists of **1 independent clause** and **1 dependent clause** joined with comma (**,**)
## Footnote
When summer arrives, I'm camping up in the national parks.
47
What is the tense we need to use after _when, as soon as, until, before, after_ to talk about the future?
The present simple tense.
48
What does mean **unless**?
if ... not
49
Do we have to use _to_ after _make_ or _let_?
No, we mustn't.
## Footnote
My parents made me work very hard.
They didn't let me go out during the week.
50
How do we form the second conditional?
if + past simple, would(wouldn't) + infinitive
We often use second conditionals beginning _If I were you, I'd ... to_ give advice. Here we don't normally use _If I was you..._ .
We can also use _could_ instead of _would_ in the other clause.
51
When do we use the second conditional?
We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical/ imaginary present or future situation and its consequence.
52
First or second conditional?
First conditional:
- We have a _real situation now_ and _possible situation in the futher_
Second conditional:
- We have _hypothetical/imaginary_ situation.
53
How does tense change in reported sentences?
present >> past
will >> would
past simple/present perfect >> past perfect
54
How do modal verbs change in reported sentences?
can >> could
may >> might
must >> have to
Other modal verbs stay the same, e.g. could, might, should, etc.
55
How do some other day and place change in report sentences?
tommorow >> the next day
here >> there
this >> that
## Footnote
'I'll meet you here **tomorrow**.'
He said he'd meet me there **the next day**
56
When do we use *say* and *tell*?
We use say without person.
We use tell with person or pronoun.
## Footnote
He said he was tired.
He told me he was tired.
57
How we create question reported sentences?
* When a question doesn't begin with a question word, add if (or whether).
* You also have to change the word order to subject +verb, and not use do/did.
## Footnote
Are you married?
- She asked him if he was married.
Did she phone?
- He asked me whether she had phoned.
What's your name?
- I asked him what his name was.
Where do you live?
- They asked me where I lived.
58
_job_ or _work_
_Work_ is an uncountable noun and has no plural
_Job_ is a countable noun
NOT: I'm looking for _a_ work.
Correct: There are several jobs available in this company.
59
When do we use the infinitive without _to_?
1. after most modal and auxiliary verbs
1. after _make_ and _let_
60
When do we use gerund (verb+ing)?
we use gerund (verb+ing):
1. after propositions and phrasal verbs
2. as the subject of a sentence
3. after some verbs: hate, spend, don't mind
61
When do we use the infinitive with to?
we use the infinitive with to:
1. after adjectives
2. to express a reason or purpose
3. after some verbs: want, need, learn
62
the gerund or the infinitive?
admit
the gerund
63
the gerund or the infinitive?
avoid
the gerund
64
the gerund or the infinitive?
deny
the gerund
65
the gerund or the infinitive?
dislike
the gerund
66
the gerund or the infinitive?
enjoy
the gerund
67
the gerund or the infinitive?
feel like
the gerund
68
the gerund or the infinitive?
finish
the gerund
69
the gerund or the infinitive?
hate
the gerund
70
the gerund or the infinitive?
keep
the gerund
71
the gerund or the infinitive?
like
the gerund
72
the gerund or the infinitive?
love
the gerund
73
the gerund or the infinitive?
mind
the gerund
74
the gerund or the infinitive?
miss
the gerund
75
the gerund or the infinitive?
practise
the gerund
76
the gerund or the infinitive?
prefer
the gerund
77
the gerund or the infinitive?
recommend
the gerund
78
the gerund or the infinitive?
spend time
the gerund
79
the gerund or the infinitive?
stop
the gerund
80
the gerund or the infinitive?
suggest
the gerund
81
the gerund or the infinitive?
(can't) afford
the infinitive
82
the gerund or the infinitive?
agree
the infinitive
83
the gerund or the infinitive?
decide
the infinitive
84
the gerund or the infinitive?
expect
the infivitive
85
the gerund or the infinitive?
forget
the infinitive
86
the gerund or the infinitive?
help
the infinitive
87
the gerund or the infinitive?
hope
the infinitive
88
the gerund or the infinitive?
learn
the infinitive
89
the gerund or the infinitive?
need
the infinitive
90
the gerund or the infinitive?
offer
the infinitive
91
the gerund or the infinitive?
plan
the infinitive
92
the gerund or the infinitive?
pretend
the infinitive
93
the gerund or the infinitive?
promise
the infinitive
94
the gerund or the infinitive?
refuse
the infinitive
95
the gerund or the infinitive?
remember
the infinitive
96
the gerund or the infinitive?
seem
the infinitive
97
the gerund or the infinitive?
try
the infinitive
98
the gerund or the infinitive?
want
the infinitive
99
the gerund or the infinitive?
would like
the infinitive
100
the gerund or the infinitive?
Verb + person + ???
Verb + person + **infinitive** + to
We also use the _infinitive_ with _to_ after some verbs, e.g. ask, tell, want, would like + person.
## Footnote
Can you ask the manager to come?
She told him not to worry.
I want you to do this now.
We'd really like you to come.
101
When do we use the third conditional?
How do we make the third onditional?
We normally use third conditional sentences to talk about how things could have been different in the past.
if+ past perfect and ***would have*** + past participle.
## Footnote
If I hadn't got up late yesterday, I wouldn't have missed my train.
102
When do we use **a lot of** and **lots of**?
In positive sentences
103
What do we use when is no noun?
*a lot of/a lot*
a lot
104
When do we normally use **much/many**?
In negative and question sentences.
105
What is difference between **a little** and **few**?
*a little* - for uncountable nouns
*few* - for countable nouns
106
What does mean **a little/a few**?
some, but not a lot
107
What does mean **very little/very few**?
not much/many
108
What is **too +** used for?
adjectives
109
What is **too much/many +** used for?
nouns
110
When do we use enough?
**before** a *noun*
**after** an *adjective* and *adverb*
111
When do we use **no +** (for zero quantity)?
with **noun** in *positve* verb
112
When do we use **none** (for zero quantity)?
In short answers **without a noun**
113
such vs so
We use such **with** a noun
We use so **without** nouns
114
What or which
**What** - когда выбор не ограничен
**Which** - выбор из нескольких вариантов
