Rules Flashcards
1
Q
Natural Stress vs Written Accent
A
- Words that end in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) or the consonants n or s have their natural stress on the next to last syllable
Cucaracha, volumen, mañana, triste, tomates, hablo, examen
- Words that end in any consonant other than n or s have their natural stress on the final syllable
Salud, mujer, amistad, cantar, papel, vegetal, doctor, nariz, azul
- When a word does not follow one of these two rules, it will have a written accent on the syllable that is stressed
Teléfono, lámpara, canción, lección, música, difícil, fácil, café
2
Q
If a one word syllable has a written accent, it means that…
A
…there is another word in the language that has the same spelling, but another meaning
El (the), él (he)
Si (if), sí (yes)
Tu (your), tú (you)
Se (oneself), sé (I know)
3
Q
If a two word syllable has a written accent that does not affect the pronunciation, it means that….
A
There is another word that has the same spelling, but different meaning
Este (this), éste (this one)
Ese (that), ése (that one)
4
Q
Interrogative words have an accent mark that does not affect pronunciation …
A
Qué
Quién
Dónde
Cómo
Por qué
Cuál
5
Q
Nouns and adjectives that end in z change to _ to form the plural
A
El lápiz, los lápices
La nariz, los narices
Feliz, felices
6
Q
Nouns that end in -ción, -sión, -dad, -tad, or -tud are
A
Feminine - they take the definite article la
7
Q
A noun ending in -ista can be _ or _
A
Masculine or feminine depending on whether it refers to a male or female. The article indicates the gender of the noun (el or la)
8
Q
A noun ending in -nte can be _ or _
A
Masculine or feminine depending on whether it refers to a male or female. The article indicates the gender of the noun.
9
Q
Adjectives that end in -o change the -o to _ when describing a feminine noun
A
-a
10
Q
Adjectives that do not end in _ have the same form for describing both masculine and feminine nouns
A
-o
Ex: el libro excelente, la comida excelente, la pluma azul
11
Q
The adjective follows the _ it describes
A
Noun
12
Q
Estar conjugations
A
Yo estoy
Tú estás
Nosotros estamos
Él está
Ella está
Ellos están
Ellas están
Usted está
Ustedes están
Vosotros estáis
13
Q
Estar is used to express:
A
Position
Location
Action
Condition (health)
Emotion
Personal opinion in terms of taste or appearance
14
Q
Ser conjugation:
A
Yo soy
Tú eres
Él es
Ella es
Ellos son
Ellas son
Nosotros somos
Ustedes son
Usted es
15
Q
Ser describes:
A
Date
Occupation
Characteristic (description)
Time
Origin
Relation
Possession or ownership
Material
Where an event takes place
16
Q
The Spanish definite articles el, la, Los, and las never follow _
A
Hay
17
Q
When hay is followed by a plural noun, the _ is omitted
A
Article
18
Q
When estar is used with food the English equivalent is
A
Taste or tastes
La sopa está sabrosa
El pescado está delicioso
19
Q
When estar is used with appearance the English equivalent is
A
Look or looks
Él está guapo
Ella está hermosa hoy
20
Q
Spanish nouns ending in -a that begin with a stressed “a” or “ha” are feminine but they take the masculine article elsewhere in the singular and the feminine article last in the plural
Water
Eagles
Souls
Weapons
Axe
A
El agua fría, las aguas frías
El águila, las águilas
El alma, las almas
El hacha, las hachas
21
Q
Questions are formed by inverting the subject and the verb.
A
Cantas tú los domingos?
Or
Tú cantas los domingos?
22
Q
The present tense can be used to express a future even if an adverbial expression of future time is included
She’ll sing with you tomorrow
A
Ella canta con ud. mañana
23
Q
To make a sentence negative, place no directly before the verb
I don’t sing in the train
A
No canto en el tren
24
Q
The preposition “a” means “to” and when it’s followed by the masculine “el” meaning “the”, the words contract to “al” meaning to the
We walk to the hotel
I walk to the restaurant
A
Caminamos al hotel
Yo Camino al restaurante
25
Spanish verbs are considered irregular if there’s a
Change in the stem when they are conjugated
26
The nosotros and vosotros forms are unaffected by the stem change in the
Present tense
27
-Ar Verb Stem changes
e > ie
Cerrar > yo cierro, tú cierras, él cierra
Pensar > yo pienso, tú piensas, él piensa
Empezar > yo empiezo, tú empiezas, ella empieza
o > ue
Almorzar > yo almuerzo, tú almuerzas, él almuerza
Encontrar > encuentro, encuentras, encuentra
Recordar > recuerdo, recuerdas, recuerda, recuerdan
u > ue
Jugar > juego, juegas, juega, juegan
28
-Er Stem Changes
e > ie
Entender > entiendo, entiendes, entiende, entienden, entendemos
Perder > pierdo, pierdes, pierde, pierden, perdemos
Querer > quiero, quieres, quiere, quieren, queremos
Tener > tengo, tienes, tiene, tienen, tenemos
o > ue
Devolver - devuelvo, devuelves, devuelve, devuelven, devolvemos
Poder -puedo, puedes, puede, pueden, podemos
Volver - vuelvo, vueles, vuele, vuelen, volvemos
29
Verbs irregular in the yo form only
Hacer > yo hago
Poner > yo pongo
Saber > yo sé
Ver > yo veo
Oír > yo oigo
*tú oyes, ella oye, ellas oyen are spelling changes to clarify the pronunciation
Salir > yo salgo
30
The negative word no comes _ the first verb
Before
31
-Ir stem changes
e > ie
Mentir > miento, mientes, miente, mienten, mentimos
Preferir > prefiero, prefieres, prefiere, prefieren, preferimos
Venir - vengo, vienes, viene, vienen, venimos
e > i
Pedir > pido, pides, pide, pedimos, piden
Seguir > sigo, sigues, sigue, siguen, seguimos
Sonreir > sonrío, sonríes, sonríe, sonríen, sonreímos
Repetir > repito, repites, repite, repiten, repetimos
Servir > sirvo, sirves, sirve, sirven, servimos
o > ue
Dormir > duermo, duermes, duerme, duermen, dormimos
32
Conjugar ir in the present tense
Yo voy
Tú vas
Él va
Ella va
Nosotros vamos
Ellos van
Ellas van
33
Conjugate ir in the future
Ir + a means to be going to (do something)
Ellos van a cantar (they are going to sing tonight)
Vamos a decide más tarde (we are going to decide later)
34
How to form a question
Put the verb before the subject instead of the subject before the verb
Ex: van a cantar ellos esta noche?
Are they going to sing tonight?
Ex: a Que hora Va a llegar el tren?
At what time is the train going to arrive?
Ex: tiene ella un perro? Does she have a dog?
35
Acabar de + infinitive
To have just done something
36
Acabar de + infinitive
To have just done something
37
Dejar de + infinitive
To stop (doing something)
38
Tener que + infinitive
To have to (do something)
39
Tratar de + infinitive
To try to (do something)
40
Volver a + infinitive
To do something again
41
Que
That, which, who
Can refer to persons or things, either singular or plural
Can be used after prepositions (in which, of which, with which aka en Que, de Que, con que) too
Can be used to join sentences too
42
Para
For, in order to
43
To ask how long something has been doing something. The action begins in the past and continues in the present
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que + verb in the present tense
44
Cuánto tiempo hace que tú vives aquí?
How long have you been living here?
45
To answer the question of how long someone has been doing something:
Hace + length of time + Que + verb in the present tense
46
We have been traveling for six weeks
Hace seis semanas que viajamos
47
My
Mi, mis
48
Your
Tú, tus
49
His, her, their
Su, sus
50
Our
Nuestro
Nuestra
Nuestros
Nuestras
51
Comparing nouns
More than
Less than
As much as, as many as
Más + noun + que
Menos + noun + que
Tanto/tanta/tantos/tantas + noun + como
*tanto is an adjective and agrees with the noun it modifies (
52
Comparing verbs
More than
Less than
As much as
Más que
Menos que
Tanto como
*yo estudio más que tú
*tu lees menos que yo
53
Adverbs describe adjectives or verbs.
They are formed by
Adding -mente to the feminine form of the adjective
-mente = -ly
54
If an adjective does not end in o or a then add -mente to the adjective to form the adverb
Fácil - fácilmente
55
If there are two adverbs in a series, only the final one will add -mente and the first one take the feminine form
El camina frecuente y alegremente
56
If there are two adverbs in a series, only the final one will add -mente and the first one take the feminine form
El camina frecuente y alegremente
57
Make a sentence negative by placing no directly before the first verb
Yo no quiero cantar
I don’t want to sing
58
To form a negative sentence, no precedes the first verb and nada follows it
No tengo nada en mi bolsa
I have nothing in my bag
Ella no entiende nada
She doesn’t understand anything
59
If you have two verbs in the sentence, no precedes the first verb and nada follows the second verb
Ella no quiere hacer nada
She doesn’t want to do anything
60
Nada can be used as an adverb to mean not at all
El libro no es nada interesante
The book is not interesting at all
61
Algo can be used as an adverb to mean somewhat
El libro es algo interesante
62
No precedes the verb and nadie follows it
No, no hay nadie
No, there is no one.
No viene nadie a mi fiesta
No one is coming to my party
63
Nadie can also be placed directly before the first verb, in this case no is not used
Nadie quiere cocinar esta noche
No one wants to cook tonight
64
No problem refers the verb and nunca and jamás follows it. Nunca and jamás can also be placed directly before the first verb with no change in meaning at all.
Ella no habla nunca - she never talks
jamás bebe café con azúcar - I never drink coffee with sugar
65
No precedes the verb and ninguno follows it. Ninguno is an adjective so it must agree and in gender and number with the noun it modifies. Ninguno shortens to ningún before a masculine singular noun. Ninguno is not used in the plural verb bless the nouns is always used in the plural like vacaciones.
Ninguno may also precede the noun. In this case, no is not used.
No hay ningún hotel en esta ciudad
There is no hotel in this city
No tenemos ninguna idea
We have no (not one) idea
Ningún muchacho va a la playa
Not one boy is going to the beach
66
In general,
Prepositions are followed by verbs in the infinitive form, nouns, or pronouns
Followed by an infinitive verb:
Ella estudia para aprender
Él habla sin pensar
Noun:
El tiene un libro para la clase
Pronoun:
El libro es para ella
67
**Me** is the indirect object pronoun that means *to me**
Me gusta esta clase
68
The only forms of gustar that you will need are
Third person singular **gusta** if the subject of the sentence is a singular noun or a verb
Third person plural **gustan** if the subject is a plural noun
If the sentence is negative place a no before the indirect object
**no me gusta/n**
69
**Te** is the indirect object pronoun that means **to you**
Te gusta
Te gustan
70
**Le** is the indirect object pronoun that means **to him (a él), to her (an ella), to you (a ud.)**
Le gusta
Le gustan
**to clarify who “le” is referring to, begin the sentence with
A él le gusta/n
A ella le gusta/n
A Ud. Le gusta/n
A la mujer le gusta/n
A él hombre le gusta/n**
71
**Nos** is the indirect object pronoun that means **to us**
Nos gusta
Nos gustan
72
**les** is the indirect object pronoun that means *to them** (a ellos, a ellas) and **to you** (a Uds)
Les gusta
Les gustan
**sentence must begin with a prepositional phrase that clarifies the meaning of Les:
A ellos les gusta/n
A ellas les gusta/n
A Ud. Les gusta/n
A las niñas les gustan las lecciones
A Sara y Enrique les gusta nadar**
73
If you want to add emphasis to the construction of *me gusta** and **te gusta** add
**a mí** and **a ti** which emphasizes **me** and ** te**
A mí me gusta
A ti te gusta
74
Position of the indirect object pronoun
1. In the first position, the indirect object pronoun is placed directly before the first verb in a sentence or question
Carlos **me escribe** una carta
Carlos writes a letter to me
Carlos **te escribe** una carta
Carlos writes a letter to you
Carlos **os escribo** una carta
Carlos writes a letter to you
Yo **le escribo**!una carta
I write a letter to you/him/her
Yo **les escribo** una carta
I write a letter to you/them
Remember that **le** is ambiguous so a prepositional phrase is added to clarify the meaning
Maria **le escribe** una carte **a Juan**
María writes a letter to John
Maria **le escribe** una carta **a su hermana/a mi amigo/ a su padre**
María writes a letter to her something
Juan **les escribe** una carta **a Uds/a ellas/a sus hermanos/a Ana y José**
75
Indirect object pronoun attached to the infinitive
In the second position, the indirect object pronoun is **attached to the infinitive** if there is an infinitive in the sentence or question
1. If the sentence has a phrase with an infinitive but no other form of a verb then **any indirect object pronoun must be attached to the infinitive**
**antes de prestarte** dinero,
Before lending you money,
**después de enseñarnos** el francés,
After teaching us French
**en vez de escribirme** una carta
Instead of writing a letter to me,
2. If a sentence includes a phrase with more than one verb, one of which is an infinitive, you may also attach an indirect object pronoun to the infinitive
El Niño va a **dicerles** la verdad
The boy is going to tell the truth
Ella quiere **traernos** café
She wants to bring coffee to us
Pedro quiere **darte** un libro
Pedro wants to give you a book
Puede Ud. **Hacerme** el favor de cerrar la ventana?
Can you do me the favor of closing the window
76
Whether the indirect object pronoun is placed directly before the first verb or is attached to the infinitive, the meaning is the same
Yo te quiero escribir una carta
Yo quiero escribirte una carta
El me va a vender un carro
El va a venderme un carro
Les debemos decir a Ud a la verdad
Debemos decirles a Uds la verdad
77
The personal **a** and the direct object
When the direct object is a person, an untranslated **a** is placed directly before the direct object person. This is called the **personal a**
Yo veo **a la mujer**
Vemos **a Pedro**
Uds. ven **a sus primos**
If the direct object person is a masculine and singular, the **a** combines with **el** and becomes **al**
Yo visito **al hombre**
Tú visitas **al niño**
Personal *a* is used before **alguien** and **nadie**
No puedo llamar **a nadie**
Personal **a** is not used with **tener**
Tengo dos hermanos
**remember if the direct object is an thing there is no personal a**
Yo veo el árbol
Queremos ver una película hoy
78
These direct object pronouns have the same form as the indirect object pronouns
Me - me
Te - you
Nos - us
Lo - him, it
La - her, it
Los/las - them
79
Direct Object Pronoun placed directly before the first verb
In the first position, the direct object pronoun is placed directly before the first verb in the sentence or question
Ella **me** conoce bien
Ellos **nos** saludan los lunes
80
Direct object pronoun attached to the infinitive
In the second position, the direct object pronoun is attached to the infinitive. Whether the direct object pronoun is placed before the first verb or attached to the infinitive, the meaning of the sentence is the same.
Ella quiere **visitarme*** en México
Debo **llamarlo** ahora
Vamos a **extrañarlos** mucho
81
The direct object pronoun for him, her, and them
The direct object pronoun needs no clarifiers:
Lo - him
La - her
Los - them (m)
Las - them (f)
Maria lo ama - María loves him
Jorge la besa - George kisses her
Yo las deb acompañar al tren - I should accompany them to the train
82
Direct object pronoun -
making a sentence negative
Place no before the direct object pronoun, place no before the direct object pronoun
**No** lo veo
I don’t want to see him
Ella **no** me conoce
She doesn’t know me
When the direct object pronoun is attached to the infinitive, place no before the first verb
**no** quiero escucharlo
I don’t want to listen to him
83
The direct object pronoun as a thing
Lo - it (m)
La - it (f)
Los - them (m)
Las - them (f)
The direct object pronoun replaces the direct object
The direct object pronoun placed directly before the first verb or attached to the infinitive
Yo tengo la llave - I have the key
**La** tengo - I have it
84
Direct object pronoun for you
Le - you
Les - them
85
The reflexive pronouns
Me -myself
Te -yourself
Se -himself, herself, yourself, themselves, yourselves
Nos -ourselves
In Spanish reflexive verbs, -se is added to the basic infinitive (lavarse - to wash oneself)
To conjugate a reflexive verb, drop the -se and place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb - the reflexive verb always has a reflexive pronoun.
Yo me lavo (I wash myself)
Tú te lavas (you wash yourself)
Ella se lava (she washes herself)
Nos lavamos (we wash ourselves)
Ellos se lavan (they wash themselves)
86
Reflexive pronoun placed directly before the conjugated verb
**Nos** despertamos a las ocho
We wake up at eight o clock
**Nos** levantamos a las ocho
We get up at eight thirty
87
Reflexive pronoun is attached to the infinitive
Ella va **dedicarse** a la ley
She is going to dedicate herself to the law
88
Reflexive verbs with reciprocal meanings
Plural forms of reflexive verbs are sometimes used to express the idea of each other. If the meaning is unclear, Spanish uses
El uno al otro
La una a la otra
Los unos a los otros
Las unas a las otras
For clarification
Ayudarse - to help each other
Conocerse - to know each other
Entenderse - to understand each other
Escribirse - to write to each other
Hablarse - to speak to each other
Quererse - to love each other
Verse - to see each other
Ex: Elena y Paula se ayudan mucho
Helen and Paula help each other out a lot
Ex: nos conocemos bien
We know each other well
89
Se and impersonal expressions
In impersonal expressions with se, the verb has no personal subject
It translates the subjects to one, you, they, people, or by the passive voice
The third person singular or plural of the verb is used in these expressions
How do you say hello in Spanish?
Cómo se dice hello en español?
Se vive bien en este país
One lives well in this country
Se cree que - it is believe that
Se sabe que - it is known that
Aquí se habla Spanish - one speaks Spanish here
De prohíbe fumar - its is prohibited to smoke
90
The present subjunctive
Almost all verbs form the present subjunctive from the first person present indicative. Drop the -o to get the stem for the present subjunctive.
We use the subjunctive when we want to express an opinion, uncertainty, or wish, and after verbs that express desire, emotion, doubt, disbelief, or denial.
91
The present subjunctive
-ar conjugation
Yo: -e
Tú: -es
El/ella: -e
Ellos: -en
Nosotros: -emos
Nosotros is unaffected by stem changes
92
The present subjunctive
-er and -ir
Yo: -a
Tú: -as
El/ella: -a
Ellos/ellas: -an
Nosotros: -amos
*in the -ir verbs, there is an additional irregularity in the nosotros form:
Stem change e > ie or e > i had an -i- in the nosotros form
Ex: pedir to pidamos
Stem change o > ue has a -u- in the nosotros form
Ex: dormir to durmamos
Certain -er and -it verbs carry the irregularity of the first person singular through out the conjugation.
Verbs with -g or -zc- in the yo form;
Ex: conocer to conozco to conozcamos
Ex: decir to digo to digamos
Ex: hacer to hago to hagamos
Ex: poner to pongo to pongamos
Ex: salir to salgo to salgamos
Ex: tener to tenga to tengamos
Ex: venir to vengo to vengamos
93
Present subjunctive: 6 irregular verbs that have a present subjunctive that is not formed from the first person singular (they’re irregular in that they can’t be formed from the yo form)
Dar: (yo) doy > yo dé, tú des, él/ella de, nosotros demos, ellos den
Estar: estoy > yo esté, tú estés, ella/el esté, nosotros estemos, ellos estén
Ir: voy > yo vaya, tú vayas, el/ella vaya, ellos vayan, nosotros vayamos
Saber: sé > yo sepa, tú sepas, el/ella sepa, ellos sepan, nosotros sepamos
Ser: soy > yo sea, tu seas, el/ella sea, ellos sean, nosotros seamos
Haber: yo he > yo haya, tú hayas, el/ella haya, nosotros hayamos, ellos hayan
94
Present subjunctive: Verbs with orthographic changes
These are not irregular - the spelling changes to maintain the sound of the yo form
- verbs that end in -gar change g to gu
Apagar > yo apago > yo apague, tú apagues etc
- verbs that end in -car to change c to qu
Explicar > yo explico > yo eplique
- verbs that end in -zar change z to c
Comenzar > yo comienzo > yo comience
95
Present subjunctive: you have to use it after certain impersonal expressions. These sometimes translate to future expressions in English because the present subjunctive carries with it a feeling of the future and doubt
Es bueno que > it is good that
Es difícil que > it is difficult that
Es dudoso que > it is doubtful that
Es fácil que > it is easy that
Es imposible que > it is impossible that
Es importante que > it is important that
Es malo que > it is bad that
Es mejor que > it is better that
Es necesario que > it is necessary that
Es posible que > it is possible that
Es probable que > it is probable that
Es preciso que > it is extremely necessary that
Es una lástima que > it is a pity that
Es urgente que > it is urgent that
96
If you wish to make a general statement with an impersonal expression you need neither a dependent clause nor a subjenctive. Simply use the structure you have already learned which follows the English word order
Es importante comer bien
It is importante to eat well
Es necesario trabajar mucho?
Is it necessary to work a lot
Es posible salir temprano
It is possible to leave early
Es bueno nadar cada día
It is good to swim everyday
97
Present subjunctive: use it after certain verbs that express wishes or preferences with regard to other people in the main clause. The subject in the main clause must be different from the subject in the dependent clause
Querer: to want
Desear: to desire, to want
Preferir: to prefer
Ex: Él quiere que yo **cante**
He wants that I sing or he wants me to sing
Ex: quiero que él **baile**
I want him to dance
If there is only one subject for the two verbs in a sentence, there is either a dependent clause not a subjunctive
Yo quiero cantar
I want to sing
Deseamos descansar
We want to rest
98
Present subjunctive: use it after verbs that express hope, happiness, sadness, or regret with regard to other people in the main clause.
Alegrarse de: to be glad
Esperar: to hope
Estar contento de: to be happy
Estar triste de: to be sad
Gustarle a uno: to be pleasing
Sentir: to regret
Tener miedo de, temer: to be a fair of, to fear
Ex: me gusta que me familiar venga a verme
It pleases me that my family is coming to see me
La maestra está contenta de que hagamos la tarea
The teacher is happy that we do the homework
If there is only one subject for the two verbs in a sentence, the sentence follows the basic structure
Me alegro de estar aquí
I am glad to be here
99
Present subjunctive: use it after verbs that express orders, requests, or advice in the main clause
Aconsejar: to advice
Decir: to tell (someone to do something)
Dejar: to permit, to let
Insistir en: to insist
Pedir: to request, to ask for
Permitir: to permit
Prohibir: to prohibit
Mandar: to order
Sugerir: to suggest
Dejar, permitir, prohibir, and mandar can be used in two ways:
Los dejo que **entren**, Les dejo entrar
I let them enter
Te permito que **nades** aquí, te permito nadar aquí
I permit you to swim here
Te prohíbo que **fumes** en la casa, te prohibí fumar en la casa
I prohibit you to smoke in the house
El Capitan les manda que lose soldados **descansan**. les manda descansar
The captain orders the soldiers to rest. He orders them to rest.
When **decir** is used to give an order. The subjunctive is used in the dependent clause.
Yo te digo que vayas al doctor
I tell you to go to the doctor
Les decimos que se acuesten ahora
We tell them to go to bed now
Tú me. Dice que yo me quede
You tell me to stay
100
Present subjunctive: used after verbs that express doubt or uncertainty
Dudar: to doubt
No creer: not to believe
No pensar: not to think
Ella Duda Que yo sepa tocar el piano
She doubts that I know how to play the piano
La gente no cree que sea la verdad
The people don’t believe that is the truth
101
Present subjunctive: a subjunctive form follows directly after one of the following conjunctions if the main clause has a different subject than the dependent clause
A pesar de que: in spite of
Antes de que: before
Después de que: after
En caso de que: in case
Hasta que: until
Para que: in order that, so that
Sin que: without
Ella practica el piano **antes de que** el **cante**
She practices the piano before he sings
Voy a esperar hasta que tú llegues
I am going to wait until you arrive
La voy a hacer sin que Ud me ayude
Im going to do it without your helping me
If there is only one subject in the sentence, an infinitive will follow the preposition
Ella estudia para aprender
She studies in order to learn
Some conjugations of time always cause a subjunctive, whether there are two subjects or only one in the sentence
A menos que: unless
Luego que: as soon as
Tan pronto como: as soon as
Vamos a bailar a menos que no haya música
We are going to dance unless there is no music
102
Present subjunctive: directly follows cuando if the future implied
Vamos a viajar cuando tengamos tiempo y dinero
We are going to travel when we have time and money
When cuando introduces a question, the indicative form is used
Cuando vas a estar en casa?
When are you going to be home?
When cuando introduces a sentence that involves either a repeated action or a general statement in the present, the indicative mood is used
Cuando hace frío, los niños juegan en la nieve
When it is cold, the children play in the snow
103
Present subjunctive: in certain dependent adjective clauses
The subjunctive mood is used in the dependent clause if the object or person describes in the main clause is indefinite or nonexistent. The objects and persons described in the main clause are not known
Busco un apartamento que sea grande y barato
I am looking for an apartment that is big and cheap
Conoce Ud a alguien que sepa hablar aleman?
Do you know who knows how to speak German?
No hay nadie que siempre tenga razón
There is no one who is always right
104
Present subjunctive: after ojalá
Ojalá means would to God that or May God grant and expresses great desire. It can also be translated as I hope.
Ojalá que ella **tenga** suerte
Would to god that she has luck
Ojalá que Uds reciban el cheque
I hope you receive the check
Ojalá que el se quede
Would to god that he stays
105
Present subjunctive: after acaso, quizás, and tal vez
**Acaso** el me visite mañana
Perhaps he will visit me tomorrow
**Quizás** ellos me digan la verdad
Perhaps they will tell me the truth
**Tal vez** me digan mentiras
Perhaps they will tell me lies
106
Present subjunctive: after aunque
The subjunctive mood is used if the action has not yet occurred
The subjunctive mood is used if the action has not yet occurred
Voy al cine aunque vayan mis amigos
I am going to the movies although my friends may not go
Aunque Pedro seque esta noche, yo voy a salir
Although Peter may stay tonight, I am going to leave
Aunque sea difícil, el lo puede hacer
Although it may be difficult, he can do it
107
Present subjunctive: after compounds of -quiera
**Quienquiera** que **esté** aquí, puede salir con nosotros
Whoever is here can leave with us
**Cualquiera** Que **sea** sincero, puede serf un buen amigo
Whichever (one) is sincere can be a good friend
**Adondequiera** que **vayas**, te deseo lo mejor
Wherever you go, I wish you the best
**dondequiera** Que estén ellos, los voy a buscar
Wherever they are, I am going to look for them
108
Present subjunctive: after como
The subjunctive mood is used after como if the meaning is however
Ellas can a preparar la comida **como** tue **quieras**
They are going to prepare the meal however you want
