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RUSVM Anesthesiology > Ruminant Anesthesia > Flashcards

Ruminant Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What are the agents that can be used for local anesthesia?

A

Lignocaine
Mepivacaine
Bupivicane

Morphine
Ketamine
Medetomidine

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2
Q

What are common general anestheria procedures done in ruminants?

A

Repro interventions (valuable bulls)
DI
Orthopedic surgery
Umbilical herniorraphy

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3
Q

What are the common complications for ruminant anesthesia?

A

Bloat (tympany)
Regurgitation

Hypotension 
Hypoventilation 
Saliva 
Aspiration/ pneumonia 
Myopathy or neuropathy
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4
Q

How does tympany develop in anesthetized ruminants?

A

When recumbent, the cardia is submerged in fluids —> gas unable to escape and fermentation occurs

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5
Q

How can the risk of bloat be reduced for anesthesia ?

A

Fasting and water withdrawal

Stomach tube

Trocarization (risk of contaminating abdominal cavity

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6
Q

Why do we see hypoventilation in ruminant anesthesia?

A

Reduced tidal volume due to ruminal distention

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7
Q

How can hypoventilation be reduced in anesthesia?

A

Decompress distended rumen

Provide oxygen and initiate artificial ventilation (IPPV)

Maintain sternal position

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8
Q

Why do we see regurgitation during ruminant anesthesia?

A

Esophageal opening eventually relaxes due to over distention

—> aspiration and pneumonia

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9
Q

What techniques can be used to minimize risk of aspiration and pneumonia?

A

Intubate swiftly and inflate ET tube cuff soon after induction

Position head lower than rest of body -> ruminal drainage while in lateral recumbency during anesthesia

Place a causing under the pole to minimize aspiration

Leave ET tube in place until trying to chew or move extremities, and pull tube out still inflated

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10
Q

T/F: cattle and sheep should be fasted 12-18hours prior to anesthesia ?

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: cattle and sheep should not be given water 4 hrs prior to anesthesia ?

A

False

Cattle 8-12 hours
Sheep 4 hrs

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12
Q

Catheters can be placed where for cattle?

A

Auricular vein (18-10g): small size limits fluid admin rate

Jugular vein (12-14g): skin very tough and accessibility difficult

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13
Q

T/F: it is not always necessary to sedate/tranquilize cattle for anesthetic procedures?

A

True

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14
Q

What type of premedication combo should be used for invasive procedures?

A

Sedative-opioid

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15
Q

Why is atropine ususally not recommended for cattle?

A

Thickens salivary sections—> aspiration

Reduced gut motility —> colic

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16
Q

Atropine in cattle should only bed used for??

A

Severe bradycardia treatment

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17
Q

What is the main adverse effect of using acepromazine as a premed ?

A

Hypotension with peripheral vasodilation

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18
Q

Which breeds of cattle are more sensitive to Xylazine ?

A

Brahmans, Herefords

-start with very low dose

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19
Q

___________ are typically combined with ketamine at induction

A

Benzodiazepines

Diazepam or midazolam

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20
Q

What is the dosage and route of administration of diazepam or midazolam in cattle ?

A

0.2- 0.3mg/kg

Diazepam IV
Midazolam IV or IM

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21
Q

What is the most frequently used opioid in ruminants for pre-medication?

A

Butorphanol (0.02-0.1 mg/kg)

Mixed u antagonist k agonist

22
Q

What is the most common induction agent in cattle anesthesia?

A

Ketamine (following xylazine premed)

23
Q

T/F: guaifenesin may be administered prior to induction agent and will significantly reduce the induction dose

A

True

24
Q

How should a cow be positioned during anesthesia?

A

Head lower than rest of body and cushion under pole (saliva drainage)

Padding to prevent myopathy

Upper leg spread away to facilitate blood flow to legs

Cover tips of horns

25
Q

What is the MAC of isoflurane in cattle?

A

1.1%

26
Q

What is the MAC of sevoflurane in cattle?

A

2.3 %

27
Q

What are the induction and maintenance oxygen flow rates that should be used in cattle?

A

Induction : 20-50ml/kg/min

Maintenance: 10-20ml/kg/min

28
Q

What is the most common P/TIVA protocol in ruminants?

A

Ketamine + muscle relaxant + sedative

Muscle relaxant - Guaifenesin or midazolam

Sedative- A2 agonist (xylazine)

29
Q

In a triple drip, _______mg of ketamine, _____g of Guaifenesin, and _____mg are in a liter of IV fluids

A

1000; 50; 100

30
Q

What is the induction and maintenance rate for triple drip in cattle ?

A

Induction 1.0 mL/kg

Maintenance 2.5 mL/kg/hr

31
Q

What is the induction and maintenance rate for a double drip ?

A

Induction 1.5-2.0 ml/kg

Maintenance 2.5 ml/kg/hr

32
Q

How do you monitor anesthetic depth in cattle?

A

Reflexes

Eyeball rotated downwardly

33
Q

What is the lead configuration used in cattle for ECG?

A

Lead 1 (base-apex) configuration

White- right jugular furrow
Black- cardiac apex
Red- caudal to other leads

34
Q

What is normal HR for cattle

A

60-90bpm

35
Q

What is normal blood pressure for cattle?

A

SAP > 90mmHg; MAP > 70mmHg

36
Q

What are analgesics used in cattle

A

Butorphanol /morphine

Flunixine meglumine
Meloxicam
Ketofen

37
Q

When should the ET tube be removed from the cow after anesthesia?

A

Remove only when attempting to chew

Leave ET tube cuff inflated to prevent aspiration of saliva or regurge

38
Q

T/F: sheep and goats are susceptible to hypotension if in dorsal recumbency

A

True

39
Q

Why are A2 agonists contraindicated in sheep?

A

Hypoxemia associated with pulmonary parenchymal damage, endothelial damage, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, and interstitial edema

40
Q

What locations are used for catheriztion in sheep?

A

Jugular (tough skin)
Cephalic
Saphenous
Auricular

41
Q

In sheep and goats, what is the dose of acepromazine for premedicaiton?

A

0.03-0.1 mg/kg

IV or IM

42
Q

What is the dose of midazolam or diazepam for premed in sheep and goat anesthesia?

A

0.03-0.1 mg/kg

43
Q

What are induction agents used in sheep anesthesia ?

A 
Propofol 
Ketamine 
Ketamine/diazepam combo 
Telazol
Thiopental
44
Q

How should the sheep be positioned during intubation?

A

Hold head towards ceiling, head and neck extended straight up

45
Q

What is the induction and maintenance flow rates for isoflurane and sevoflurane?

A

Induction 50-100 ml/kg/min

Maintenance 20-50 ml/kg/min

46
Q

What is normal HR for sheep under anesthesia?

A

90-130bpm

47
Q

What is the minimum SAP and MAP for a sheep under anesthesia ?

A

SAP > 80mmHg

MAP > 60mmHg

48
Q

How should you remove an ET tube in a sheep?

A

50-100 ml/kg/min -> fresh gas flow rate

Position nose down

Only remove when attempting to chew
Remove still inflated —> prevent aspiration of saliva or regurge

Usually stand without much ataxia

49
Q

T/F: camelids have a 3 part stomach and are not susceptible to tympany, regurgitation, aspiration and pneumonia

A

False

The same susceptible to all these things

50
Q

How and where should you place your catheter in a camelid?

A

Jugular

  • thick skin, cut down
  • values within jugular
  • Target lower or high: level of mandible or 5/6th cervical vertebra region
  • avoid carotid puncture

RUSVM Anesthesiology (32 decks)

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