Ruminant Digestion

Question 1

how many domesticated ruminants in the world

Answer 1

2.8 billion

Question 2

pregasttic fermentation

Answer 2

ability to chew cud @ frequent intervals

Question 3

stomachs

Answer 3

reticulum
rumen
omasum
abomasum

Question 4

ruminare

Answer 4

cud chewing, even toed hooves mammals

Question 5

tylopoda

Answer 5

even toed with fleshy pads rather than hooves

Question 6

feeding strategies

Answer 6

bulk and roughage eaters grasers- cows
concentrate selectors (browser)-deer
intermediate feeders- sheep, goats

Question 7

concrete selectors-

Answer 7

select a diet rich in easily digestible plant parts. lower capacity to digest cell walls eats small amounts frequently

Question 8

intermediate feeders-

Answer 8

vary diet between grazing or browsing seasonally adaptive

Question 9

upper tooth cheek is in contact with two lower cheek teeth

Answer 9

true

Question 10

salvia

Answer 10

submaxillary, sublingual, parotid

Question 11

how much does a sheep saliva produce per day

Answer 11

7 L/D

Question 12

how much does a cow saliva produce per day

Answer 12

150 L/d

Question 13

is there digestive enzymes in the salvia of mature ruminants?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

what elements are present I saliva

Answer 14

N,P,S Na

Question 15

esophagus

Answer 15

different from monogatstricsc
striated muscle along the entire length
provides greater strength
funnel shaped

Question 16

inner mucosa

Answer 16

lined with stratified (several layers) squamous (flattened) epithelium
protective in nature
flexible can stretch
no absorption from oesophagus
can lubrication

Question 17

outer muscular tunic

Answer 17

striated muscle
food movesby peristaltic contractions
NB in rumination negative pressure

Question 18

when is rumen fully developed

Answer 18

3 months

Question 19

% rumen VS abomasum when could is born

Answer 19

30% VS 70%

Question 20

% Rumen VS abomasum when cow is mature?

Answer 20

7% 80%

Question 21

rumen

Answer 21

large anaerobic fermentation vat

Question 22

rumen capacity

Answer 22

cow- normal 25-30 gallons MAX 55-60 gallons
ewe-Normal 3-5 gallons MAX 5-10 gallons
Temperature - 38-42

Question 23

VFA Ratio- 70;20;10

Answer 23

acetate; propionate; butyrate

Question 24

protozoa-
bacteria/fungi

Answer 24

100,000/gram of rumen fluid
100 million/gram of rumen fluid

Question 25

functions of microorganisms-

Answer 25

digest roughages to make VFA, make microbial protein and make vitamins K and B complex

Question 26

where are VFA absorbed?

Answer 26

in the rumen

Question 27

VFA

Answer 27

Acetic acid Propionic acid butyric acid

Question 28

high concentration diet

Answer 28

more propionate

Question 29

high forge diet

Answer 29

more acetate

Question 30

how long does rumination occupy their day

Answer 30

1/3

Question 31

eructation (belching) production per hour cattle sheep

Answer 31

30-50 litres per hour 5-7 L/hour

Question 32

belching allows ruminants to get rid of fermentation gases.

Answer 32

bloating can cause death from asphyxiation (death as a result of lack of o2)

Question 33

how many times more potent is methane than C02

Answer 33

27X

Question 34

AG accounts for X% if total Irish GHG emissions

Answer 34

37%

Question 35

enteric methane accounts for approx x% total Irish ag emissions

Answer 35

60%

Question 36

reticulum

Answer 36

honeycomb lining regurgitation initiated here collects hardware ( nails, wire etc)

Question 37

omasum

Answer 37

heavy hard organ with lining that has many folds believed to produce a grinding action on foodstuff absorption of water 〰60% removed

Question 38

abomasum (true gastric stomach)

Answer 38

cardiac, fundric, pyloric ph decreases 6-2.5 denatures proteins kills bacteria dissolves minerals *** unique feature secrets Lysozyme

Question 39

lysozyme

Answer 39

secreted by the abomasum enzymes that breaks down bacterial cell walls needed to breakdown large amounts of bacteria that pass from the rumen

Question 40

Pancreatic secretions

Answer 40

2.2-4.8 L/day (cattle ) 0.3-0.4 L/day (Sheep) secretion Ph- 7.2-7.8

Question 41

LI- Digestion in colon may account for as much as X% Cellulose X% hemicellulose X% starch

Answer 41

27% 40% 10%

Question 42

the faster the rate of digestion the quicker the rumen is emptied

Answer 42

= increase in feed intake

Question 43

reduced digestiliby

Answer 43

= increased Ph

Question 44

how many methanogens are identified

Answer 44

30 species

Question 45

Fungi

Answer 45

strictly anaerobic and their lifecycle includes a motile phase (zoospore) negative phases ( sporangium)

Question 46

Animals cant digest XXX so microbes do it

Answer 46

B-Linked polysaccharides and non protein nitrogen