Ruminant Nutrition

Question 1

Cow BCS

Answer 1

2.5/5

Question 2

Milk requirement

Answer 2

5MJ/liter

Question 3

Volume of neonate rumen and abomasum

Answer 3

Abomasum: 60% Rumen: 25%

Question 4

Volume of adult rumen and abomasum

Answer 4

Abomasum:22% Rumen: 62%

Question 5

Casein

Answer 5

Protein of milk

Question 6

5 Steps for Rumen Development

Answer 6

Establish bacteria in rumen, liquid in rumen, macular action to help with outflow, absorptive ability of the tissue, and substrate available in the rumen.

Question 7

Reticulum

Answer 7

Honeycomb. No absorptive capacity. Controlled by the vagus. Mechanical breakdown

Question 8

Omasum

Answer 8

Many folds. High absorption

Question 9

Abomasum

Answer 9

True stomach. Digests food chemically.

Question 10

Small Intestine

Answer 10

Fluid and water absorption

Question 11

Large Intestine

Answer 11

Cecum blind ended sac. Storage to allow for further breakdown of foodstuffs. Primary site for water and Na absorption

Question 12

VFAs

Answer 12

Cow’s main energy source

Question 13

Ammonia

Answer 13

Used to form microbial protein

Question 14

Gases

Answer 14

Waste products that are eructated out

Question 15

Lignin

Answer 15

Non-digestible by rumen micro-organisms. No nutritional value.

Question 16

Cruse Fiber

Answer 16

Traditional measure of fiber content in feeds. NDF and ADF

Question 17

NDF

Answer 17

Neutral Detergent Fiber. Structural component of plant. Digested slowly.

Question 18

ADF

Answer 18

Acid Detergent Fiber. Least digestible plant component, including cellulose and lignin. Poor energy content and is excreted.

Question 19

ADF vs NDF

Answer 19

If ADF is larger than NDF, the feed will be LESS digestible.

Question 20

Slow Carb Fermentation

Answer 20

Straw and fibrous hay

Question 21

Fast Carb fermentation

Answer 21

Molasses

Question 22

Volatile Fatty Acids

Answer 22

End product of anaerobic microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in ruminants

Question 23

What provides the majority of a cows energy?

Answer 23

Volatile Fatty Acids

Question 24

Types of VFA

Answer 24

Acetate, Butyrate, and Propionate Acid

Question 25

Acetate

Answer 25

The majority of VFA. Predominates on high roughage diet.

Question 26

Butyrate

Answer 26

Provides energy to the rumen wall. 10-14% of the VFA. Found in poorly fermented silage

Question 27

Propionate

Answer 27

18-21% VFA. Predominates in high concentrate diet. Provides energy via the conversion of blood glucose in the liver

Question 28

Undegraded Dietary Proteins

Answer 28

Dietary protein not broken down by microbes in the rumen and so pass tp the abomasum

Question 29

Rumen Degradable Protein

Answer 29

Broken down by rumen microbes.

Question 30

Forage to concentrate

Answer 30

60% forage vs 40% concentrates

Question 31

Saliva produced by roughage

Answer 31

150L

Question 32

Saliva produced by grains and concentrates

Answer 32

40L

Question 33

Gross energy

Answer 33

Total amount of energy the feed contains

Question 34

Digestible Energy

Answer 34

GE - Food that is not digestible and therefore passed in the feces

Question 35

Metabolizable Energy

Answer 35

DE - Losses in methane and Urine

Question 36

Fermentable Metabolizable Energy (FME)

Answer 36

Proportion of organic matter of a feed that is fermented in the rumen

Question 37

Effective Rumen Degradable Protein (ERDP)

Answer 37

The microbial requirement for nitrogen. More microbes work, more nitrogen needed