Yr 12 Rural and Urban Places

Question 1

What is the location of Darling Harbour?

Answer 1

• City centre of Sydney
• 33.9°S, 151.2°E

Question 2

What are some physical processes that have shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?

Answer 2

• Coastal processes
• erosion, deposition, weathering
• created bay (now Nawi Cove)

Question 3

How have First Nations people shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?

Answer 3

• Once was a place for middens (hence name Cockle Bay)
• was a fishing area
• Named after Barangaroo who tried to defend the area from colonisers

Question 4

How has technology shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?

Answer 4

• Technology needed for land reclamation extended area into deeper waters for ports
• Ferries for transport & tours
• Pyrmont Bridge for ships
• Construction technology needed to build approx. $961million The Star casino

Question 5

How have urban dynamics shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?

Answer 5

• Urban decay - port was unusable as ships became larger and pollution became rampant (Bubonic plague)
• Led to urban renewal of area - became mixed zoning commercial/social/cultural area
• Led to urban consolidation & gentrification as more businesses and people moved to the area - desirable

Question 6

How have politics shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?

Answer 6

• Controversy over casino - locals don’t like the influx of negative tourism
• Increases gambling, crime rates, and prositution
• Increased recognition as an Indigenous area - Aboriginal tours & cultural events

Question 7

How have economics shaped the identity of Darling Harbour?

Answer 7

• Lots of income from casino - doesn’t go to local people
• Income from businessmen paying to go to ICC → income from staying at Mariott & Langham hotel
• Many restaurants and cafes - commercial area, no longer shipping port
• Commercial business industries - more of a business area
• Income from tourism

Question 8

How has the demographic of Darling Harbour shaped its identity?

Answer 8

• Lots of tourism - leads to multiculturalism
• Very important to many Indigenous people
• Many rich people visit and live there - once was area for poorest people

Question 9

What are some social changes that have happened in Darling Harbour?

Answer 9

• Once was area where very poor people lived → gentrification → now is very expensive
• Casino brings tourists & gamblers
• Increase in ‘high’ culture e.g. Sydney Lyric Theatre & Sydney Dance Company
• Langham & Mariott hotels encourage tourism
• Was First Nations country, now is very multicultural from tourism & international migration

Question 10

What are some economic changes that have happened in Darling Harbour?

Answer 10

• Casino has brought income
• Changed from Industrial shipping port to mixed-zone area
• Now commercial/residential/cultural area, mostly tertiary businesses
• ICC brings lots of businessmen who pay to enter

Question 11

What are some environmental changes that have happened in Darling Harbour?

Answer 11

• Urban decay - very dirty, polluted, industrial, poor → government began urban renewal when bubonic plague formed in area → now urban consolidation
• Was very industrial, now lots of green spaces from urban renewal
• Land reclamation → extended port area for bigger ships
• Train lines changed into recreational areas
• Planted native plants which don’t need extra water/fertilisers and are suited to area
• Reinstated Nawi Cove and used natural sandstone that was there originally

Question 12

What are some environmental sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?

Answer 12

• Urban renewal → re-implementing green spaces, better for environment & air quality, reduces urban heat island effect
• Barangaroo Reserve planted native plants → don’t require extra water/fertilisers that would pollute water
• Sandstone in Nawi Cove created micro-habitats
• Gabions underwater → grows oysters which clean the water, encourages more people to use it
• Barangaroo living seawall → creates microhabitats to filter water, encourages fish to come & reduces erosion

Question 13

What are some social sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?

Answer 13

• Implementing green spaces - improved wellbeing, exercise, socialisation, and mental health
• The Cloud building, very expensive → setting aside 48 units for key worker (nurses, police, teachers, etc.) housing in new developments, workers will be able to access housing in Barangaroo capped at 1/3 of their weekly incomes
• Designed to be a walkable area, everything within 5 minutes → improves physical & mental wellbeing
• Ground leves of each commercial tower used for restaurants, cafes, retail → encourages social interaction for workers, residents and visitors

Question 14

What are some cultural sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?

Answer 14

• Attempted to make gathering space for Indigenous communities in the Cutaway - failed, only used for artisan markets
• Display of Indigenous history of area in maritime museum
• Native plants represent Indigenous heritage of area
• Chinese Garden of Friendship - established connection between Australia and China (many Chinese residents)

Question 15

What are some economic sustainability strategies used by Darling Harbour?

Answer 15

• 23,000 workers will work in area when complete → strong growth in tertiary industries brings more income e.g. St George & Westpac international headquarters
• More transport links & Wynyard walk 4 minutes from station → brings more workers from other areas, e.g. New Sydney Metro extends into Barangaroo
• The Star & The Crown Casino → people come from China where gambling is illegal, spend money in local area, generates income
• ICC brings lots of businessmen who pay to enter and pay to hold conferences

Question 16

What is a city?

Answer 16

• A highly organised centre of population
• typically have well-developed infrastructure and diverse economic activities

Question 17

What is a megacity?

Answer 17

City with a population of at least 10million

Question 18

What is a regional centre?

Answer 18

• Places that provide essential services to surrounding communities
• often characterised by factors such as population growth, increasing population density and growth in employment

Question 19

What is a remote settlement?

Answer 19

A place that has less access to various goods and services because of its location and distance from larger urban settlements

Question 20

What is a suburb?

Answer 20

• An urban area surrounding and connected to the central city
• Many are exclusively residential areas, but some may have their own commercial centre

Question 21

What is an urban mega-region?

Answer 21

• An interconnected network of cities that have grown to form a unified economic and social system
• have common resources, transportation systems, economies and ecosystems

Question 22

What is a village?

Answer 22

• A small clustering of people around a central point, like a church, marketplace or public space
• may also form in a line along a geographical feature, like a river or major transport link

Question 23

What are the 3 settlement patterns?

Answer 23

• Dispersed
• Linear
• Nucleated

Question 24

What is a dispersed settlement pattern?

Answer 24

Scattered buildings over a larger area

Question 25

What is a nucleated settlement pattern?

Answer 25

Buildings close together around a central point

Question 26

What is a linear settlement pattern?

Answer 26

Buildings are close together in a line, often along a river, road, or other transportation routes

Question 27

What are nucleated and linear settlement patterns classified as?

Answer 27

clustered settlements

Question 28

What are 3 location-related factors that can influence settlements?

Answer 28

* Climate * Natural resources * Topography

Question 29

How does climate influence settlement?

Answer 29

* Temperature, rainfall, and wind affect liveability for humans * Extreme climates can be uncomfortable and dangerous for people to live in * Clustered settlements are typically found in extreme climates to provide shelter - closely grouped buildings absorb and radiate heat * Mild climate regions are usually more dispersed settlements

Question 30

How do natural resources influence settlements?

Answer 30

* Humans rely on water, fertile land, and food * Settlements are often next to these resources * Places scarce in natural resources tend to be clustered settlements to share and optimise access to limited resources * Places abundant in natural resources tend to be more dispersed

Question 31

How does topography influence settlements?

Answer 31

* Easier to build on flat terrain - forms clustered settlements * Mountainous areas are harder to build houses - tends to be dispersed

Question 32

What are two size-related factors that influence settlements?

Answer 32

* population * economic opportunities

Question 33

How do economic opportunities & population influence settlements?

Answer 33

* Places rich in natural resources offer inputs for producing goods and services e.g. farming and mining * ↳ More opportunities attract more jobs and more people * ↳ Expands in size * ↳ Dispersed settlements might grow into larger clustered settlements * Declining economic opportunities result in less jobs and smaller populations

Question 34

What is the hierarchy of settlements?

Answer 34

Megacities → cities → suburbs → villages → remote settlements

Question 35

What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of remote settlements?

Answer 35

* Small populations (< 500) often dispersed over large area or clustered into small groups * Largely function as agricultural or mining areas, maybe tourism * Sphere of influence is limited to immediate settlement area due to small population and isolation, and lack of services

Question 36

What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of cities?

Answer 36

* Large populations (50,000-10million) * Administrative, industrial, commercial, religious, cultural, and social hubs * Extends into multiple surrounding regions, even global scales * Highly specialised services (banks, Unis, hospitals, widespread transport infrastructure, local or state gov offices) * Attract many people, investors, and resources from surrounding areas

Question 37

What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of megacities?

Answer 37

* Very large population (10million+) * Same as cities but on a larger scale - often gateways between domestic and global communities * Sphere of influences extends into national and global scales * Services are similar to cities, but they have more services for larger populations and global markets

Question 38

What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of suburbs?

Answer 38

* Larger populations (3000-5000) * Primarily residential areas, but many have become commercial areas * Covers a broader region, extending into multiple suburbs within local area * Essential services (schools, health clinics) and specialised services (parks, banks, retail, restaurants) * Commuters travel between suburbs for employment and these services

Question 39

What is the population, urban function, and sphere of influence of villages?

Answer 39

* Relatively small populations (500-3000) clustered around a central point or line * Mostly function as small market towns, tourist areas, or bridging points between communities * Extends into neighbouring areas because they have accessible transport infrastructure - larger sphere of influence * A few specialised services and more variety than remote settlements

Question 40

How much of the world lived in urban areas in 2023?

Answer 40

over 56%

Question 41

How many people lived in urban areas before 1850?

Answer 41

less than 10%

Question 42

How many people are expected to live in urban places in 2050?

Answer 42

68%

Question 43

Where do most people live in urban places and why?

Answer 43

* Americas * Europe * Australasia * strong relationship between urbanisation and income

Question 44

What are some demographic challenges facing rural places?

Answer 44

* Population loss due to internal migration and urbanisation * Causes social isolation and remoteness * Government doesn’t want to spend money on infrastructure * Causes changes in age structure as young people tend to leave in search of opportunities

Question 45

What are some economic challenges facing rural places?

Answer 45

* Employment difficulties - labour shortage * More people moving to city * Stalls local economy, less money to spend on creating services and infrastructure, more people move to city * Most emigrants are skilled workers and move to cities (Brain drain) * Difficult for businesses to remain open causing them to shut down and people become unemployed * Most are employed in agriculture or informal jobs that have low pay - more poverty * People in rural areas are deprived of health, education, and standard of living

Question 46

What are some environmental challenges facing rural places?

Answer 46

* Land degradation common due to intensive farming * Rural workers depend on agriculture for a living and creates food shortages * Waste management - lack essential waste collection infrastructure and services ↳ Uncollected waste is openly dumped or burned * Water quality and availability - agricultural runoff can contaminate surface water ↳ Reduces global water availability and damages humans and ecosystems

Question 47

What are three types of challenges facing rural places?

Answer 47

* demographic * economic * environmental

Question 48

What are two challenges facing urban places?

Answer 48

* infrastructure quality * housing availability

Question 49

What are some infrastructure quality challenges facing urban places?

Answer 49

* Urbanisation and urban growth puts pressure on existing infrastructure * Needs higher travel capacity and larger sewerage systems * Transportation infrastructure demand increases and becomes congested and inefficient

Question 50

What are some housing availablity challenges facing urban places?

Answer 50

* Demand outpaces supply * Creates higher prices - many can’t afford * Creates more informal housing and homelessness * Lack of housing poses risks to health and safety as most income goes towards rent and mortgages - **lower life expectancy** * More residents are forced to live on urban fringe far from jobs - **spatial segregation** ↳ Long commutes take a toll on time, energy, and money ↳ Barrier to economic productivity * Pollution mainly comes from waste generation and energy consumption ↳ Reduces available resources and degrades environment * Require uninterrupted energy supply - mostly from fossil fuels ↳ Reduce air quality and fuel climate change ↳ Deteriorates physical health

Question 51

What is a strategy for the sustainable management of rural places?

Answer 51

Rural revitalisation: * transforming rural place into more productive, sustainable, healthy, attractive places to live * improving infrastructure, diversifying economic activites * rurbanomics can be used to benefit rural & urban areas ↳ urban demand for food prioritises agricultural growth & diversification - empowers rural economies as drivers of food security ↳ must strengthen interconnectedness to encourage government to invest in rural places

Question 52

What is one successful initiative used to improve the sustainability of rural places?

Answer 52

1970 Saemaul Undong Initiative * response to SK's growing income and wellbeing disparities between rural & urban places * urbanisation was incr, rural pop. was decr. * New Village Movement - investments in infrastructure & agriculture increased farm household incomes by 5x from 1970-1979 * improved quality of life for rural residents * addressed employment & income challenges in rural areas * didn't address depopulation challenges ↳ didn't establish strong rural-urban links at local level ↳ failed to engage village residents in movement

Question 53

What are some strategies for sustainable management of urban places?

Answer 53

* Creating green space * Improving waste management * water conservation * lowering energy consumption

Question 54

How can creating green space promote sustainability in urban places?

Answer 54

* Provides natural resting place for city residents * de-stress * excercise * clean air * habitat for local wildlife * improve mental health

Question 55

How can improving waste management promote sustainability in urban places?

Answer 55

* Waste often dumped in landfill ↳ environmental hazard - leaching toxic chemicals into soil & groundwater * sustainable - reduce, reuse, recycle * zero waste future - greater than 90% diversion from landfill * collecting household recycling

Question 56

How can water conservation promote sustainability in urban places?

Answer 56

* install water meters to discourage overuse of water * encouraging individual action ↳ shorter showers ↳ turning off tap when not in use

Question 57

How can lowering energy consumption promote sustainability in urban places?

Answer 57

* new homes meet energy efficiency requirements ↳ low energy lighting ↳ double & triple glazed windows for better insulation * encouraging using less energy * promoting renewable energy

Question 58

What are some successful initiatives that have promoted sustainability in an urban place?

Answer 58

Sweden: * 1995 Carbon tax reduced dependency on fossil fuels * urban consolidation via redeveloping brownfield sites with low-energy homes run on biogas from food waste * 2017 - public transport became 100% renewable energy * 2020 - low emission zone in city centre * smart grid energy system uses renewable energy

Question 59

What is the location and character of Leeton?

Answer 59

* Riverina regional area of southwestern NSW * Leeton shire council * 34.6°S, 146.4°E * Australia’s Rice Capital * One of Australia’s most profitable and productive agricultural areas * art deco town ↳ charming country town ↳ culture, history, beauty ↳ The Roxy Theatre - 1930 ↳ Australian Art Deco Festival

Question 60

What is the location and character of Sydney?

Answer 60

* Southeastern coast * City of Sydney LGA * 33.9°S, 151.2°E * high population & density * lots of high-rise buildings & terrace houses * high density reflects status as a place where economic, cultural & social activities converge * makes significant contributions to regional & national economy * nucleated settlement centred around businesses in key industries (finance, business, hospitality, etc.) * multicultural population - many arts, sports, heritage, entertainment venues, religious centres, festivals * known for relaxed and outdoor-lifestyle - E.g. harbourside picnics at Barangaroo, dining with Sydney Harbour views, outdoor cinema at the Rocks * characterised by high population density, thriving economy, and vibrant, outgoing community

Question 61

What are some physical geographical processes shaping Sydney's identity?

Answer 61

* mild climate * coastal processes give rise to stunning natural landscapes * influenced where the city was developed * influenced relaxed & outdoor lifestyle identity

Question 62

What are some human geographical processes shaping Sydney's identity?

Answer 62

* Colonisation established city as a British convict colony - European customs & administration structures * urban development into a city in 1842 * economic growth fuelled urban expansion and emergence of diverse economic sectors * city offers an array of social and economic opportunities - people come through urbanisation and international migration processes * creates a vibrant & culturally diverse community * shapes Sydney as a densley populated city & hub of activity

Question 63

What are some cultural links Sydney has to other places?

Answer 63

* culturally diverse - strong cultural connections across Australia & abroad * e.g. international migration from China → annual Lunar New Year in Haymarket

Question 64

What are some economic links Sydney has to other places?

Answer 64

* extensive economic links domestically & globally * headquarters of major banks, educational institutions, & multinational corporations * attract investment, talent, and trade from everywhere * employment opportunities creates economic links with proffesional's place of origin * trading goods & services establishes economic connections

Question 65

What are some political links Sydney has to other places?

Answer 65

* maintains political links with broader NSW state * shares decision-making with state gov. operations * e.g. NSW Environmental Planning and Assessment (EPA) Act → Sydney's Local Environmental Plan translates broad principles of act into specific regulations for land use in city

Question 66

What are some environmental changes in Sydney?

Answer 66

* Urbanisation - less parklands & natural areas * creates urban heat islands - creates chain of environmental & social implications ↳ reducing air quality ↳ fueling climate change ↳ affecting human health due to air pollution & extreme heat

Question 67

What are some economic changes in Sydney?

Answer 67

* transitioned from traditional manufacturing → knowledge-intensive industries (finance, tech, professional services) * these industries earn more than manufactiring * rising share of these industries should boost wages, generating economic growth & higher standard of living * it could also increase economic disparities ↳ highly-skilled workers receive high salaries ↳ lower-skilled workers may struggle to afford basic necessities ↳ makes it harder for lower-income people to invest in education to obtain skills for high-paying jobs

Question 68

What are some social changes in Sydney?

Answer 68

* higher population → increased housing demand * demand has outpaced supply → higher prices * causes residents to move away from city to affordable areas ↳ displacement can affect worker performance & productivity * housing crisis costs city ~$10billlion/year in lost productivity * increased homelessness

Question 69

What are some cultural changes in Sydney?

Answer 69

* internal & external migration increased cultural diversity * over 50% residents born overseas * vibrant community * melting pot of languages, traditions, and perspectives * can create barriers to social cohesion & inclusion * can cause social tensions ↳ different values, perspectives, traditions ↳ misunderstanding, prejudice, discrimination

Question 70

What are some physical geographical processes shaping Leeton's identity?

Answer 70

* Climatic - mild climate * Soil - fertile * Hydrological - ample water supply * perfect place to grow crops

Question 71

What are some human geographical processes shaping Leeton's identity?

Answer 71

* Irrigation processes - highly productive agricultural region * Man-made system of water canals made Leeton drought-proof major food producer * Relies on migrational processes to help fill worker shortages * Urban Development - Art Deco Town

Question 72

What are some cultural links Leeton has to other places?

Answer 72

* Sir Walter Burley Griffin, designed Leeton, Canberra, Griffith, Castlecrag * Radial street pattern * shared design heritage * Australians and migrants settled in Leeton for work opportunities e.g. Italians post-WWII

Question 73

What are some economic links Leeton has to other places?

Answer 73

* Major regional city Griffith has wider variety of services * many Leeton residents travel there, e.g. hospital * links to Australian & global economy through production & consumption of produce

Question 74

What are some political links Leeton has to other places?

Answer 74

* other suburbs & towns in Leeton Shire Council * Leeton is LGA's administrative centre, make decisions of behalf of LGA * connected to NSW state - shared decision making from state gov | LGA = local government area

Question 75

What are some environmental changes in Leeton?

Answer 75

* Murrumbidgee Irrigation Scheme (MIS) created to control & divert flow of local water systems for agriculture * causes excessive water use * Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area (MIA) often has water losses from leaks * water-inefficient irrigation system causes depletion of local water resources * excessive irrigation causes salinisation & reduces agricultural productivity * MIA has weed problems spread through irrigation runoff - can reduce agricultural productivity, block waterways, and decrease water efficiency

Question 76

What are some social and economic changes in Leeton?

Answer 76

* decline in total jobs available * aging population - 18.5% over 65 in 2021 * skills shortage * workers leave for more opportunities * aging population retires * businesses forced to close - slows economy ↳ reduces access to quality infrastructure & services - not enough workers ↳ reduces health & wellbeing of population

Question 77

What are some strategies Leeton has to address irrigation challenges?

Answer 77

* smart water meters installed in residential properties - promote sustainable water use * Modernisation plan for MIA - real time control, monitoring, & management of water supply ↳ solar-powered channel control gates ↳ reduces water loss * secures quality water resources for agricultural & personal use * minimises salinisation & weeds * economic & social benefits * significant water saving

Question 78

What are some strategies Leeton has to address the skills shortage?

Answer 78

* NSW Growing Regions Of Welcome (GROW) program - aims to bring migrants & refugees in Western Sydney to Leeton ↳ migrants & refugees gain employment ↳ Leeton gains skilled workers * Grow Our Own Program - encourages local school leavers & young professionals to stay in Leeton for work ↳ offers traineeships, apprenticeships, cadetships, gap year opportunities, and distance education sport ↳ aims to shift local perceptions & demonstrate that you can build a long-term career in regional areas * keeps more young people = sustainable economy * attracts & retains skilled workforce * keeps industries & services running * builds a sense of welcome for newcomers * improves wellbeing

Question 79

What is Sydney's strategy for environmental, economic, cultural, and social sustainability?

Answer 79

Sustainable Sydney 2030-2050 * good governence & leadership focused on sustainable development * safeguard environment * walkable, well-connected communities & public transport * equitable & inclusive city * resilient & adaptable communities that can overcome challenges * thriving cultural & creative life that celebrates rich cultural diversity * innovative economy to ensure economic growth * accessible and affordable housing

Question 80

What are some proposed solutions by the Sydney 2030-2050 plan?

Answer 80

* Eora Journey - Yananurala * Green City Initiative * Building Housing for All

Question 81

How does the Eora journey promote sustainability in Sydney?

Answer 81

* aims to recognise, empower, and celebrate local Gadigal culture * culturally immersive walk Sydney Harbour→Redfern * public art installations about cultural heritage * enhances understanding of culture * social cohesion & inclusion * contributes to a more equitable and inclusive city

Question 82

How does the Green City Initiative promote sustainability in Sydney?

Answer 82

* transforming urban landscape into greenery * increased tree canopy cover by 19.2% since 2008 * added 24ha of open space * proposed to convert Moore Park Golf Course from 18-hole to 9-hole to create additional public parkland * proposed to reduce road space in parts of city * proposed to transform service lanes into permeable green laneways * grenner city has wellbeing benefits * increases physical activity → reduces disease & illness * reduces urban heat islands * keeps environment in good condition * more adaptable & resilient community by building strong & healthy residents → enhances ability to face challenges

Question 83

How does Building Housing for All promote sustainability in Sydney?

Answer 83

* urban consolidation & other solutions * Metropolitan Community Land Trust Policy (CLT) ↳ CLTs are private NFP orgs ↳sell/rent property to individuals for an affordable, low-cost fee while retaining ownership ↳ CLT shapes priorities based on local needs ↳ empowers residents to have a say in how land & housing in their community is used and developed * Cooperative Rental Model ↳ housing arrangement where tenants collectively own & manage property ↳ more stable, long-term housing ↳ translates into more affordable rents, focused only on covering essential expenses

Question 84

What is Mumbai's location?

Answer 84

* port city on India's west coast * NE hemisphere * centre of Mumbai Metropolitan region (mega-region) * 19.1°N, 72.9°E

Question 85

What is Mumbai's character?

Answer 85

* India's most populated city (megacity) * extremely high pop density * as population expanded - economy expanded & diversified into new industries (computers & electronics) * state capital - shapes political, economic & social dynamics of surrounding regions * India's financial, commercial, and entertainment capital (National Stock exchange, Bank of India, Bollywood, TNCs) * prestigious universities * various functions & services - large sphere of influence

Question 86

What are some geographical processes shaping Mumbai?

Answer 86

* Internal Migration * Natural Increase

Question 87

How does internal migration shape Mumbai?

Answer 87

* increases economic prosperity → high rates of urbanisation * agricultural sector of India replaced labour with machinery & forced people out of work * rural farmers have to sell land & migrate elsewhere * Mumbai has job opportunities in service & manufacturing industries, offers higher & more regular incomes * people move rural areas → city in search of employment & higher wages

Question 88

How does natural increase shape Mumbai?

Answer 88

* more births than deaths * 2022 - registered births in Mumbai were up 18% & deaths down 12% from prev. year

Question 89

What are some challenges of the high population density in Mumbai?

Answer 89

* water surrounds megacity - limits urban sprawl → increases pop. density * Economic & social inequality * traffic congestion * waste buildup

Question 90

How has high population density caused economic & social inequality in Mumbai?

Answer 90

* millions live under poverty line * rapid pop. growth is leading cause of unemployment * city in developing country - economic growth not fast enough to create enough jobs * widened income disparities * 2011 - 16% lived in slums, e.g. Dharavi * slums have poor access to clean water & sanitation → high risk of water-borne diseases & lower life expectancy

Question 91

What has traffic congestion caused in Mumbai?

Answer 91

* 2021 - 4.1million active vehicles * 2021 - 5th most congested city, 53% congestion rate (takes 53% longer to get somewhere) * high air pollution, 2023 3x safe level of toxic nitrous oxide & 31.3kg of CO2 emissions yearly * contributes to global climate change * affects economy - workers spend more time in traffic than working * 2021 - lost ~$7.51billion due to traffic, lost 121 hours of work

Question 92

What has waste buildup caused in Mumbai?

Answer 92

* lack of waste disposal infrastructure * every day 6,000t of waste go to landfills, ecosystems, water sources * contributes to air pollution → +25% of methane from landfills * impacts human & environmental health

Question 93

How has Mumbai tried to manage slums/informal housing?

Answer 93

* Past efforts (slum clearance, rehousing initiatives, improving living standards) had a limited scale that did not prevent development * Current approach - Slum Rehabilitation Scheme (SRS) ↳ developers can buy slum land from gov for low cost & consent of 70% of residents to redevelop it ↳ developer rehouses eligible slum dwellers free of cost in multi-story rehabilitation buildings ↳ e.g. luxury residential Imperial Towers

Question 94

What are the limitations of Mumbai's SRS and how can it be improved?

Answer 94

* However, there's a lack of consistent standards for rehbailitation buildings * Ineligible slum dwellers have to settle in new slum * leads to increase in housing prices in formal market * Improvements: ↳ specify standards for rehabilitation buildings ↳ increasing availability of afforable housing

Question 95

What are the limitations of Mumbai's coastal road project and how can it be improved?

Answer 95

* expanding roadway capacity may encourage more people to drive * Improvements: ↳ reduce number of vehicles ↳ improve public transport, walkways, and bike lanes

Question 96

What are the limitations of Mumbai's waste management model and how can it be improved?

Answer 96

* small scale & low income * Improvements: ↳ creating a formal recycling economy - larger scale ↳ would provide people with higher income & more stable jobs ↳ contributes to a more equitable & sustainable future

Question 97

How has Mumbai tried to manage traffic congestion?

Answer 97

* Coastal Road Project - 8 lane expressway from south Mumbai to Western Suburbs ↳ aims to reduce traffic congestion & improve travel times by 70% * smart traffic singals - monitor traffic in real-time to regulate traffic

Question 98

How has Mumbai tried to manage waste and unemployment?

Answer 98

* people-powered waste management model * thriving informal recycling economy * recyclable material is sold to industry recylers, organic waste is put in composting pits & biogas plants ↳ produce manure & biogas for industry & domestic uses * waste pickers earn income from selling, collecting, sorting, and managing * reduces amount of waste in environment & landfill * generated employment opportunities - reduce economic inequalities