People, Patterns, and Places Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
What is ecological footprint?
A
The area of biologically productive land & water required to produce the goods consumed and to assimilate the wastes they generate
2
Q
What are ways that humans can affect the planet’s natural resources?
A
- circular economy - resources should be reused, companies should recycle their own waste instead of pressuring consumers to do it, then they will produce less waste
- overusing & depleting natural resources
- anthropogenic climate change
3
Q
What are ways that technology has improved humanity’s wellbeing?
A
- high-yielding crops & sophisticated food supply chains - improve variety & quality of consumed food
- vaccines, medicine, and disease eradication
- carbon fibres - aircraft can fly further with less fuel, better air quality
- geothermal, hydrogen, solar, and wind energy - reduce reliance and fossil fuels & improve air quality - improve health
- buildings & cities
- robotics for work in highly automated factories
- networks & internet for instantaneous global communication & access to information
- protection of endangered species & ecosystems, restoration of environments - better health
- Improves life expectancy, access to education & information, slowed population growth, decreases infant mortality
4
Q
What are positive environmental consquences of urbanisation and urban sprawl?
A
- Growing food locally, plants & greenery can reduce ecological footprint
- recycling can reduce pollution
- decrease in carbon emissions per person
5
Q
What are negative environmental consequences of urbanisation and urban sprawl?
A
- futher from CBD
- loss of arable land
- biodiversity loss
- increase in carbon emissions
6
Q
Why is Shanghai’s Metro System so efficient?
A
- world’s biggest metro system
- 700km track
- 408 stations
- 18 lines
- Second in the world by annual ridership
- Will have 25 lines and over 1000km by 2025
- Everywhere in Shanghai will be within 600m of a metro station
7
Q
What crops are usually in plantations?
A
- cotton
- coffee
- tea
- cocoa
- sisal
- palm oil
- fruits
- rubber trees
8
Q
What is involved in Mediterranean Agriculture?
A
- land uses are intensive, highly speiclaised, and varied
- subsistence is often side-by-side with commercial
- some crops are for domestic consumption while some are for sale
9
Q
What is causing changes in global patterns of economic activity?
A
- Increased demand for food (population growth)
- technological advancements
- increased focus on sustainability
- replacement of human labour with machinery
10
Q
What is shifting agriculture?
A
- focuses on maintaining fertility of soil
- rotation cultivated fields
11
Q
What is intensive subsistence agriculture?
A
- focuses on the effective & efficient use of small areas of land to maximise crop yields
- Lage inputs of labour & fertiliser are required
- e.g. rice paddies
12
Q
What is pastoralism?
A
- traditional practices around managing domesticated livestock
- Animals are bred & herded to provide food, clothing, and shelter
13
Q
What is extensive commercial agriculture?
A
uses relatively small inputs of labour, fertilisers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed
14
Q
What is intensive industrial agriculture?
A
- requires capital-intensive agricultural inputs, such as fertiliser, pesticides, and large-scale machinery
- maximise output per unit of agricultural land
15
Q
What are some advantages of extensive agriculture?
A
- less reliance on inputs of labour per unit of land
- Large-scale machinery can be used more efficiently over large, flat areas of land
- Labour efficiencies result in lower product prices & higher returns
- animal welfare is less of an issue
- Animals graze on pastures native to area instead of relying on introduced species
- soil management is easier, less fertilisers & chemicals
- large amounts of grain & livestock can be produced relatively cheaply
16
Q
What are advantages of intensive industrial agriculture?
A
- Yields are much higher in short-term
- area of land required is smaller
17
Q
What caused the decline of the US Manufacturing Belt?
A
- Transfer of labour-intensive manufacturing overseas
- increased automation
- decline of US coal & steel industries
18
Q
What were the consequences of the decline of the US manufacturing belt?
A
- Economic decline led to population loss & widespread urban decay
- Some cities & towns adapted by diversifying/transforming economies
- Others experienced severe economic distress & social consequences - rise of right-wing political activism
- New England faced industrial decline - transformed economy by basing it on services, advanced manufacturing, and high-tech industries
19
Q
What does Zhengzhou, China specialise in?
A
Major manufacturing hub for:
* IT
* biomedicine
* aviation
* e-commerce
20
Q
What are the three principal manufacturing regions?
A
- North America
- Western & Eastern Europe
- South & East Asia
21
Q
What are the consequences of deindustrialisation?
A
- Shift in manufacturing jobs to developing countries
- new international division of labour
- affected workers engaged in labour-intensive manufacturing enterprises who lost their jobs
22
Q
What is causing Indigenous languages to be lost?
A
dominant languages in:
* media
* shops
* the workplace
23
Q
What is infrastructure?
A
includes all structures associated with utilities (electricity, water, gas, telecommunication) and transport
24
Q
What is a positive feedback loop?
A
Feedback loop that accelerates or amplifies a change
25
What is a negative feedback loop?
A feedback loop that slows a change
26
What is cultural adaptation?
the modification of a culture to incorporate aspects of another culture e.g. Māori culture in NZ
27
What is cultural adoption?
the acceptance and integration of different cultural elements into one’s own e.g. yoga in Bondi
28
What is cultural diffusion?
the dispersion, or spread, of different cultural elements between countries and peoples e.g. Americanism
29
What is cultural integration?
the circumstances that arise when people from one culture adopt elements of another culture while maintaining their own culture
30
What is a tax haven?
a country or territory where resident individuals or resident companies pay little or no tax
31
What is a free market?
an economic system of supply and demand, only making things that are profitable
32
What is neoconservatism?
a political ideology characterised by an emphasis on free-market capitalism and interventionist foreign policy
33
What is trade liberalisation?
the removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations
34
What is economic integration?
* the growing interdependence of national economies
* driven by a reduction in, and ultimately the removal of, tariff and non-tariff barriers to the free market
35
What are some changes caused by economic restructuring?
* money and other resources rapidly moving in and out of industries and sectors
* development of new ways of carrying out and rewarding work
* Rapid technological change - workers who lack skills are left behind
* Increases social disruption caused by retrenchments, factory closures and changes to the organisation of production
* Structural changes occurring are deindustrialisation
36
What are the pros of cultural integration?
* Enriches cultures
* People are allowed to blend beliefs and ideas
* Don’t have to give up culture
* Leads to multiculturalism
* Increases technology and trade
* Mass consumer culture is integrated into a country’s culture
37
What are cons of cultural integration?
* Threat to national sovereignty and cultural diversity
* Can be forced - lack of culture that is watered down
38
What are factors that determine the nature and rate of international integration over time?
* Development in aviation technologies increase international tourism and trade
* Technological developments in shipping and cargo handling increased international trade expansion
* Investments in rail and road infrastructure incr. land transport and trade
* Development in global communication
39
How did developments in shipping and cargo handling technologies increase international trade expansion?
* Incr. size - transport costs declined
* Specialised bulk acrries, oil tankers, and container ships lower cost & reduce how long ships are in port
* Road, rail, or ship - goods can travel by multiple modes of transport
40
What are some principal developments in land transportation?
* Faster & more competitive over long distances
* High-speed rail systems
* New cargo handling equipment
* Increased efficiency
41
How have advanced telecommunications technologies been beneficial to developing countries?
they are now included in
* growing global networks in trade
* transport
* finance
* communications
42
What is China's 'One Belt, One Road' initiative?
* Create new trade corridors to areas to the West of China
* Goal is to improve trade relationships through investing in transport-related infrastructure
* Claims it will boost poorer countries economies and less-developed regions in West China
43
What are some effects of China's 'One Belt, One Road' initative?
* Cements China’s status as a major economic and political power
* Chinese manufacturing would benefit from infrastructure investments
* Markets for Chinese manufacturing will open - transition to higher valued industrial goods
* Will have environmental impacts
* Some see it as a debt trap and economic imperialism
44
What are some revolutionary transport technologies?
* The internet of things - system of computing devices that transfer data over network without people interacting
* Autonomous vehicles
* Lightweight vehicle materials - decrease fuel use
* Hyperloop - pods travelling through sealed tubes free of air resistance or friction at super-fast speed
45
What are transnational corporations (TNCs)?
Businesses that operate internationally, usually very large and powerful
46
Why are TNCs important?
They are central to development of economic and cultural integration
47
How has Apple minimised taxes?
* Shift large amounts of domestic products to tax havens
* Loophole in country’s tax code called deferral
* Shifts US profit overseas
* Holds 90% of cash holdings offshore
48
What have been the effects of the global supply chain?
* relocation of labour-intensive manufacturing to low-cost countries
* lowered consumer prices
* increased product availability
* job losses and lost earnings
49
What are the pros when TNCs establish a presence within a country?
* Job creation
* Expertise and capital needed to exploit natural resources
* Improvements to the skill base of the country’s workforce
* Stable incomes that are more reliable than those derived from farming
* Export income
* Economic diversification
50
What are the cons when TNCs establish a presence within a country?
* Relatively few workers employed
* Worker exploitation
* Pollution in the absence of enforceable environmental laws
* Profits being sent to parent company based in developed country
* Little reinvestment in local area
* Factories are often footloose and jobs are insecure - if labour costs increase, the company may move elsewhere
* Natural resources are often over-exploited
* Corruption of government officials is relatively common
51
What is cultural imperialism?
the promotion or imposition of a culture, usually by a politically powerful nation, over a less powerful one
52
What is the main concern about cultural imperialism?
potential to crowd out local cultures
53
How do movies influence culture?
* influence a global mass culture
* integral to the culture of their country of origin
* reflect the concerns, attitudes, and beliefs of the people
* reinforce national identities
* AMPAS insisted that the best picture-qualifying films must meet inclusion standards due to the BLM movement in 2023
54
What are the 'Big Four' world cities?
* London
* New York
* Paris
* Tokyo
55
Why is London a world city?
* global financial capital
* 193 corporate HQs
* Europe's top technology star-up centre
* birthplace of capitalism
* second best global air connections
* powerful media hub & major advertising centre
56
Why is New York a world city?
* hosts world’s top investment banks and hedge funds
* 217 corporate HQs
* Highest stock exchange
* Global leader in media & advertising, music, fashion, and luxury retailing
* Tourism attracts more money than any other city
* many higher education and research institutions
* Broadway theatre
* Sporting capital
57
Why is Paris a world city?
* centre of creativity and innovation
* Attracted world's brightest talent
* Cultural centre
* Large contribution to creative and performing arts
* Leadership in fashion and cooking
* Specialises in tradable industries
* World-class research universities
* #1 tourist destination
58
Why is Tokyo a world city?
* Principal financial market
* Most corporate HQs - 613
* Innovators in fashion and design
* Many Japanese prestigious universities
* 4th highest stock exchange
59
What is a world city?
* new urban system
* role has less to do with imperial power and trade facilitation
* more to do with TNC authority, international banking and finance, and international agencies
60
What are factors that lead to emergence of world cities?
* Trade
* Innovation in transport, finance, law, language, and communication
* Colonialism, imperialism, and the Industrial Revolution
* Globalisation
61
How has the emergence of world cities been driven by globalisation?
* Technological developments in transport and communications
* Moves away from trade liberalisation
* Deregulated financial markets
* Emerging, new, information-based forms of economic activities (‘new economy’)
* Emerging new ways of organising economic enterprises (e.g. outsourcing)
* TNCs as key players in the global economy
* An emerging global market for lifestyle-related commodities, created by cultural integration and development of global media networks
62
What are the roles of world cities?
* Centres for international trade and banking
* Command-and-control centres of the global economy
* Preferred locations for finance and specialised firms
* Focused on advanced telecommunications technologies
* Sites of production for new, innovative industries - especially information-based
* Markets for the products and innovations produced
* Base for media outlets with an international reach
* Powerful centres of cultural authority
* Hosts of major sporting events
* Generate and spread ideas and values → influence specific cultural processes
* control the flow of information, cultural products, and finance
* sustain the world's economic and cultural integration
63
What is a centre of cultural authority?
* home of world-renowned cultural institutions
* e.g. museums, art galleries, unis and research centres
* exert cultural leadership via major film festivals, theatres, orchestras, and opera and dance companies
64
What is a melting pot?
the amalgamation of many cultures without rejecting any parts of a culture
65
What do migrants bring to the places where they settle?
* Foods
* Languages
* Religions
* Music
* Art
* Attitudes
* Traditions
66
What are benefits of migrant-based cultural integration?
* Promote intercultural understanding
* Foster a greater sense of unity
* Host city benefits from experiences they might not otherwise access
* Creates better informed and empathetic citizens
* Increases diversity
* Enhances cultural awareness
* Promotes respect for other cultures
* Brings unique perspectives, experiences, insights, and knowledge
67
How does tourism promote international integration?
allows many people to travel internationally without the expensive cost
68
What is cultural tourism?
* includes educational tours, performing arts events, festivals, pilgrimages, visits to monuments, and the study of nature, folklore, and art
* seeks to immerse people in local customs and routines
69
What has increased international tourism?
* decline in travel costs due to developments in aviation technologies
* growth in the world’s middle class
* more people can afford to travel overseas
70
What are positive aspects of tourism?
* Generates wealth and employment
* Cultural integration
71
What are negatives of tourism?
* Increased demand on biophysical and constructed environments
* Requires large investments in tourism-related infrastructure
72
What are the social affects of tourism?
* Resident population can better understand visitor’s customs, values, and culture
* Increased demand for entertainment, crafts, and music
* Preserves parts of national heritage
* Tourist’s patronage of arts brings revenue that maintains facilities for local use
* Tourists have a better understand of host country and its culture and traditions
* May result in mutual misunderstanding, hostility, and social tension as tourist’s demands affect resident’s lifestyles
* Growth of prostitution, crime, and gambilng in host country
73
What is child mortality rate?
the annual number of children under the age of five years who die per 1000 live births
74
What is infant mortality rate?
the annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live births
75
What is the rate of natural inrease?
* the percentage by which a population grows in a year
* difference between the birth rate and the natural death rate
* excludes migration
76
What is replacement-level fertility?
the number of children a woman and her reproductive partner must have to replace themselves and keep the population stable
77
What is total fertility rate?
the average number of children a woman will have during her reproductive years
78
What are the 5 stages of demographic transition?
1. high birth and death rate, stable/slow natural increase
2. high birth rate, rapidly falling death rate, rapid increase natural increase
3. falling birth rate, slowing falling death rate, slowing increasing natural increase
4. low birth rate, low death rate, falling and then stable natural increase
5. possibly falling/increasing birth rate, low death rate, little natural increase
79
What must countries with high fertility and child dependency invest in?
* young people's human capital (education)
* larger, better-educated working-age population
80
What must countries with high old-age dependency invest in?
* medical and long-term care of older people
* future opportunities for young people
81
What is population disrtibution determined by?
* access to water
* arable land
* ability to build infrastucture (cannot build on waterlogged land)
82
What were the consequences of China's One-Child Policy?
* aimed to limit country's population growht
* Han Chinese couples in urban areas were limited to one child
* second pregnancies were met with fines, economic penaliteis, and pressure for abortion
* caused female infanticide and neglect/abandonment of girls
* caused gender imbalance
* TFR dropped from 7.5 to 1.2
83
What are factors that affect fertility rates?
* levels of economic and social development
* infant mortality rate
* importance of children as a part of family's labour force
* levels of urbanisation
* education and employment opportunities for women
* average age of marriage
* cost of raising children
* availability of reliable birth control
* availability of aged care services and pension (reduces reliance on children to take care of parents)
* family size preferences
84
What are factors affecting mortality rates?
* nutrition standards
* standards of personal hygiene and sanitation
* access to safe drinking water and the incidence of infectious diseases
* access to medical and public health technology, including immunisation, antibiotics, and insecticides
85
What has caused the decline in mortality rates and increase in life expectancy?
advances in
* medical science
* public health
* nutritional improvements
* greater access to education
86
What makes successful population policies?
* associated with programs that promote economic and social development
* culturally-sensitive
* combined with improved infant and maternal healthcare programs
87
Compare the demographic characteristics of Nigeria and Italy
88
What are the opinions of environmentalists and ecologists on the effect of rapid population growth?
* potentially catastrophic
* growing demand for food results in environmentally damaging agricultural practices
89
What are the opinions of economists on the effect of rapid population growth?
* Earth can produce ore than enough food to meet needs of growing population
* renewable energy investments will slow rate of warming
* technological innovations will meet challenges of rapid population growth
* many people will have higher standard of living
90
What are the consequences of growing societies relying on subsistence agriculture?
* more intensive land use
* extends cultivation and grazing into increasingly marginal alnds
* shorten fallow periods
* accelerated erosion and declining soil fertility
* seasonal flooding intensifies
* droughts increase
* rivers and coastal water become silted
* many plant and animal species are lost
* less money in economy
91
What are the impacts of industrial agriculture?
* can meet the needs of a growing population in short term
* unsustainable
* large-scale land clearing
* negatively impacts environment, public health, and rural communities.
92
What is air pollution?
presence of any chemical in the atmosphere in concentrations large enough to inflict harm on organisms, ecosystems, or the climate
93
What is water pollution?
any change in water quality that can harm living organisms or make the water unfit for human use
94
What are point sources of water pollution?
come from specific locations that discharge pollutants into water bodies
95
What are nonpoint sources of water pollution?
chemicals such as those washed into drains from streets, car parks, lawns, construction sites, fertilisers, and pesticides
96
What are the differences in land degradation in developed and developing countries?
* developed countries degrade the environment through high resource consumption and generating waste
* poorest people degrade their resources through necessity and lack of options
* lack of infrastructure to clean waste products in developing countries results in high levels of environmental degradation, especially water pollution
97
What are the types of natural resources?
* Renewable resources will eventually be replenished if used
* Non-renewable have a finite quantity, there is no possibility of reuse
* Recyclable can be recycled after use, like scrap iron and steel
* Continuous resources will always exist, like solar energy and wind
98
What are Indigenouse techniques used to preserve or manage fish stocks?
* Direction by elders (knowledgeable about local ecology)
* Designated fishing areas for individuals and groups
* Restrictions on species caught
* Closed seasons
* Specific methods of fishing
* Various taboos concerning fishing
* Total avoidance of fishing
* Sacred pools - ensures that stocks remain
99
What did Rino Tinto do in May 2020?
* Destroyed sacred Indigenous rock shelter in WA
* Historical and cultural significance was well understood
* Only inland site in Australia believed to show signs of continual human occupation through the last ice age
* Rino Tinto had 3 options to preserve the site, but chose to destroy it without informing traditional owners of the alternatives
* Following public outrage, they apologised
100
How do Earth's physical processes create an uneven distribution of global resources?
* Rich basalt soils result from local volcanic activity
* Rainfall patterns depend on topography, prevailing winds, and the location of the ocean and local currents
* Coal deposits occur in Carboniferous-era swamplands
* Other minerals are concentrated in specific regions through deposition or other geological processes
101
What are the differences in resource consumption in affluent vs poor areas?
* poor engage in unsustainable resource use to survive
* affluent people consume disproportionately large amounts of resources through their cars, homes, and lifestyle choices
* affluent countires consume up to 10x more than poor countries
102
What are some of the principal causes of government and corporate environmental inaction?
* No laws to protect the environment
* Lack of effective control at a government level
* Indigenous people having no effective voice in government
* Laws being bypassed due to a corrupt system
* Inadequate regulation monitoring, making it difficult to pinpoint responsibility
* Inadequate penalties, especially if the potential rewards are high by comparison
103
Why are Indigenous people often unable to respond to the degradation of the environment?
* Small, isolated groups are politically insignificant on their own
* Disputes within communities, cultural differences, geography, and poor communications may impede the establishment of a united pressure group
* Their needs and wants may be simply ignored
* They may be swayed by articulate politicians offering empty promises
* Key local leaders are ‘bought’ (given inducements in exchange for support)
104
How can resource exploitation lead to things that impact human wellbeing?
* Access to clean water
* Access to energy
* Natural resources such as oil and mineral ores are important sources of economic wealth
* Access to fresh water and the ability to grow food
105
What is culture of place?
the particular characteristics of a place that makes it what it is
106
What is an economic nationalist?
* oppose globalisation, or at least question the benefits of unrestricted free trade
* favour protectionism and advocate self-sufficiency
107
What is interculturality?
* the interaction of people from different cultural backgrounds based on respect for existing ethnic and cultural differences
* focus on the pluralist transformation of urban and public spaces
* defined by diversity, pluralism, respect for human rights, and fundamental freedoms
108
What is morphology?
the functional form and character of an urban place
109
What is place perception?
our awareness of places and the particular opinions we have about them
110
What is a populist policitian?
a politician claiming to champion the common person, usually by attacking a real or perceived elite or establishment
111
What does culture include?
* the way of life of a group of people
* Traditions, customs, languages, belief systems, art, architecture, music, food, and institutions
* Passed down from one generation to the next
* material goods the group creates and uses and skills it develops
* territorial affiliation and shared history, political, and education systems
112
How do cultures change over time?
* Contact through migration
* trade
* telecommunications technologies
113
What does the concept of place include?
* physical and cultural characteristics
* location
* shape
* boundaries
* features
* environment
* human characteristics
* scenic quality
* culture
114
How do European cities show evidence of their historical legacy?
* Elements of Roman and medieval urban development
* Often narrow streets - horse-drawn carts
* Plazas and squares - piazzas and marketplaces which are still lined with restaurants, bars, and cafes
* Central Paris renovation demolished medieval neighbourhoods that were deemed overcrowded and unhealthy
* Replaced by wide, tree-lined avenues, new parklands, squares, and fountains
115
How does the ending of copycat building in China affect China's culture of place?
* Ban on architectural plagiarism, imitation, and copycat behaviour
* Warning against demolishing historical buildings, traditional architecture, and old trees
* All new buildings embody the spirit of surroundings and Chinese characteristics
* Rejection of Western architectural trends imposes Chinese culture of place on rapidly growing cities
116
Why did China ban the construction of buildings over 500m?
* Tall buildings were used to brand developments and set cities apart
* China is littered with unfinished towers as economic growth slowed
* Construction costs for long buildings are higher
117
What are some aspects of Sydney's culture of place?
* Defined by nature of biophysical environment, especially climate, beaches, and harbour setting
* Distinctive multicultural character and casual lifestyle
* Enjoy sport and outdoors
* Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge
* Unique streetscapes
* Low-density urban sprawl yields suburban lifestyle
* Increasingly international outlook
* Status as world city
* Popular tourist destination
118
What are the five interconnected elements of Indigenous culture?
1. Land
2. Family
3. Lore
4. Ceremony
5. Languages
119
How are social forms linked to the physical layout of urban places?
* Social forms often expressed in the physical layout of urban places
* new physical forms often produce social forms
* well-landscaped public spaces encourage interactions
* low-density urban sprawl, poorly serviced by public transport and social infrastructure causes social isolation and locational disadvantage
120
How can the nature of a place a person lives in determine the available lifestyle choices?
* Degrees of affluence - more affluence leads to more choices
* Natural environment - beach or snow
* Nature and proximity of cultural environment - richer environment leads to more diversity of lifestyle available
121
What is new media?
computer and internet providers that transmit news and entertainment and enable people to interact online
122
What has driven the transition to global media networks?
* technological innovation
* deregulatory economic policies
* global economic integration
* emerging transnational corporate culture
123
What is the retail strategy of fast fashion chains?
* responds to customer’s fast-changing tastes
* Supply chain enables new fashion deliveries as soon as a trend emerges
* many automated factories
* usually own by parent company
* often has new products
* short amount of time from design to stock
124
How has globalisation affected fashion?
* mass production of clothing
* range of standard sizes and styles
* New international divisions of labour
* clothing may be designed in one country, manufactured in another, and sold worldwide
125
What are some factors that played a role in the globalisation of sport?
* Telecommunications revolution - everyone from anywhere in the world can watch sport from anywhere
* Marketing campaigns promote certain sports teams or games
* Demographic change - larger disposable incomes, shorter working weeks, earlier retirement, longer life expectancies, and healthier lifestyles boosted global demand for sport
126
What does the music industry's globalisation mean for Australians?
* mainly exposed to music on steaming platforms and radio stations
* mostly artists from the USA, Britain, or Ireland
127
What is an example of a right-wing political movement in Australia?
* Pauline Hanson's One Nation
* Climate change is a hoax
* Reject Islam and multiculturalism
* Protect Australian manufacturing, Australia’s white cultural identity, and ‘traditional’ family values
128
Who promotes conservative views in Australia?
* Conservative Political Action Conference
* Institute of Public Affairs
* Right-wing radio shock jocks - Radio 2GB
* Conservative TV presenters - Sky News
129
What are the five languages spoken by 50% of the population?
1. Mandarin Chinese
2. English
3. Russian
4. Spanish
5. Hindi
130
Why does religious fundamentalism oppose cultural integration?
* Cultural integration allows for differences in social trends and cultural practices
* Religious fundamentalism seeks to defend theological and ideological beliefs and traditional social and cultural practices
* see other cultures and social behaviours as a threat to their religion and disrespectful towards their beliefs
131
Why is Dubai a unique example of cultural integration?
* distinctive culture of place
* melting pot of diverse cultures
* major centre of commerce and finance, an important transport hub, and popular tourist destination
* economy now relies on trade, tourism, aviation, real estate, and financial services
132
What is Dubai's culture of place focused on and why?
* multiculturalism, integration, and acceptance
* successfully integrated many immigrant groups
* indigenous population is relatively small but wealthy
* Immigrants account for about 85% of the population
* highly-developed city in the desert - rare in other parts of the world
* hot desert climate
* one of more liberal Arab nations
* many still associate it with gender imbalance where men are more appreciated than women
* 72% of the population are men and 28% are women - male-dominated construction workforce
133
Why is Dubai's location good for the aviation industry?
* Persian Gulf in the Arabian Peninsula
* gateway between the East and West hemispheres
* seamless trade connections
* connects Europe, Asia, and Africa
* lots of cargo travelling between these continents stop at Dubai
* increases the aviation industry's revenue
134
How are Islam and Arab culture evident in Dubai's lifestyle?
* Emiratis wear traditional clothing - long loose clothes and headscarves
* female non-Emiratis and visitors are expected to avoid revealing skin and cover up skin and hair in mosques
135
What is Dubai's ranking as a world city?
* 16 just below Sydney
* ranking includes housing, public realm, urban green space, social infrastructure, and climate change
136
How does Dubai's infrastructure show the inntentions of it's rulers?
* International Airport is the world’s #1 airport for light connections, facilities, and passenger satisfaction
* has plans for a multi-billion dollar second airport that aims to be the world’s biggest airport
* Jebel Ali port is the biggest and busiest port in the Middle East and the 9th busiest in the world
* high level of connectivity with the rest of the world
* shows ambitions to establish a large economic dominance in the global economy through trade
137
Why is Dubai such a major tourist location?
* warm climate to escape cold Winters
* Burj Khalifa, Dubai Mall and Fountain, Atlantis Resort
* desert dunes
* theme parks
* known for its warm desert climate paired with luxury comforts
138
What are temporal characteristics?
Characteristics that change over time
139
What is old media?
free-to-air television and newspapers
140
What are some environmental stress indicators?
* Increasing greenhouse gas emissions
* ozone depletion
* ‘Acid’ rain
* Deforestation
* Desertification
* Loss of topsoil
* Loss of biodiversity
* Water and food shortages
