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Russia bare minimum Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

When did Alexander II come to power

A

March 1855

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2
Q

When did the Crimean War end

A

1856

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3
Q

What did the Treaty of Paris agree?

A

March 1856: Russia sacrificed Bessarabia to Moldovia, which was made independent.
The black sea was neutralised, Russia could not get a warm water port!

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4
Q

When was Alexander II’s judicial reforms?

A

1864

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5
Q

What was Going to the People

A

Idea that derived from the ideas of Lavrov that peasants need to be disillusioned for a revolution. Students from towns came to cities in 1874 to warn peasants of the government. Failure!

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6
Q

What was the Emancipation Edict?

A

1861: freed serfs.

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7
Q

What was the transition period for the Emancipation

A

20 year transition period - before that nobles were not as much as required to acknowledge the emancipation!

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8
Q

What were the fees for the Emancipation

A

Redemption payments to reimburse nobles for land lost.
Within the Black Earth region, places overpriced up to 100%, which peasants were expected to pay. They were now farming 4/5 of what they used to.

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9
Q

How many attempts were made on Alexander II’s life?

A

Four: and the attempt in 1881 by the People’s Will was successful.

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10
Q

When did the Russo Turkish War start?

A

1877

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11
Q

When did the Russo Turkish War end?

A

1878

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12
Q

What was the initial agreement within the Russo Turkish War?

A

Treaty of San Stefano 1878: allowed Russia significant gains as they now exercised significant influence over Bulgaria, and also land within the Caucuses and Georgia.

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13
Q

What was the ultimate outcome of the Russo Turkish War?

A

Austria and the UK were alarmed at the amount of gains that Russia would gain, so Treaty of Berlin in 1878 stopped the gains that Russia would otherwise make. They kept some smaller gains within Asia, but much of their previous influence was reduced.

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14
Q

Why did the Russo Turkish War take place?

A

Russia’s attempts to establish a warm-water port on the Black Sea, which lay in Turkish hands.

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15
Q

What were Alexander III’s Emergency Laws?

A

1881:
Elected Zemtvo deputies could be dismissed
Commander in chief of a region could close universities and other centers of advanced study for up to one month

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16
Q

When did Alexander III die?

A

1894

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17
Q

How did Nicholas II’s reign get off to a bad start?

A

Khodynka Field massacre.
a large festival with food, free beer and souvenir cups was held in Khodynka Field outside Moscow.
People rushed to get their food, there was 100,000 people in attendance. Out of this, 1000 were trampled on and subsequently died!

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18
Q

What was the cause of Bloody Sunday?

A

Price rises: Trade Unions were banned and conditions were squalid (40% of houses in St Petersburg were without running water!) with a 12 hour working day.
Also loss in Russo-Japanese War and subsequent Treaty of Portsmouth.

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19
Q

What happened during Bloody Sunday?

A

22nd January 1905: people set off led by Father Gapon to petition the Tsar to intervene with a slogan “God save the Tsar”. They did not want to overthrow him!
However, the Tsar’s army opened fire on the people and 14 died. There was outrage amongst people. People were only protesting for things like an 8 hour day

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20
Q

What happened with Vera Zasulich?

A

1877: shot Trepov. Thanks to the judicial reforms that Alexander II had introduced, she was abel to be found innocent.

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21
Q

Evidence of Alexander II’s Glasdont

A

New publications like What is to be Done

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22
Q

How much did railway production increase under Alexander II?

A

x14 in track by the end of Alexander II’s reign

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23
Q

What was the cause of the Polish revolt

A

Demands for independence, protest against conscription

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24
Q

How was the Polish revolt dealt with?

A

Widespread rebellion supported by Land and Liberty in 1863 suppressed by Russian army

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25
Evidence of minor revolutionaries during Alexander II';s reign?
Pamphlets being distributed by groups like Young Russia from 1862, calling for further change.
26
How other than the Emergency Laws did Alexander III tighten control>
Introduced Land Captains: hated as it was an elitist version of JPs.
27
How did Alexander III reduce local govenrment?
Local Government Act 1890: governors could veto Zemstva, and elections favored landowners (electorate was less than 1%)
28
Evidnece of economic stability under Alex III?
20% increase in grain exports | 1897: Gold Standard
29
When was the Peasants Land Bank
1883
30
When was the Nobles Land Bank
1885
31
When was Alexander III's Famine?
1891 - 400,000 dead
32
Railway development under Alexander III
x3 | Foreign investors like the Rothchilds contributed
33
How did production increase from late Alexander III to early Nicholas II
Coal output x3 (1890s-1900s)
34
Evidence of impact for froeign investmetn
50% of capital for heavy industry was foreign
35
Where did railways improve agriculture?
Places like Odessa opened up
36
How many assassinations in lead up to Bloody Sunday
2000, including Grand Duke Sergei
37
When was the Russo-Japanese War
January 1904-September 1905
38
Evidence of Russia's disadvantage within R-J war
By the time Russia reached the Tsushima Straits, Russian fleet had been travelling for 6 months Defeated within an hour
39
What did the Treaty of Portsmouth decide?
Russia withdrew from Manchuria Gave up control of Port Arthur and Manchuria Sept 1905
40
What can be seen as a turning point for the Tsars
Summer 1904: Plevhe (minister of interior) assassinated
41
How many army mutinies in 1905
200: only really effected lower ranks`
42
How many strikes in 1905
Strikes occurred throughout the country involving about 400,000 people
43
How did peasants revolt
100+ estates burned down
44
How did Stolypin reestablish control
Stolypin's Necktie | 1906: 2000 killed!
45
What did the Fundamental Laws do?
April 1906 - Duma given minimal legislative power - Tsar ratifies laws - Article 87 gives emergency powers
46
What was the Vyborg Manifesto
After Tsar dissolved first Duma, 2 people within it went to Vyborg in 1906 to encourage people in Vyborg not to pay taxes in protest
47
Evidence the 3rd Duma was effective and why
Passed 200 pieces of legislation (including some on primary education and reintroducing JPs) Sat between 1907 and 1912. Because Stolypin banned some voters
48
What were Stolypin seperators
Seperated from Mir, as per Stolypin's 1906 reforms. But by 1914, this had only been used by 10%
49
Evidence Stolypin's land reforms worked
Russia was largest cereal exporter worldwide by 1914
50
Where was Russia industrially by 1914
4th largest coal producer. | BUT consumer good production fell by 7% - focus on rebuilding after Russo Japanese
51
Working conditions by 1914
Wages 1/3 of the rest | Had only recently got sickness insurance (1912!)
52
When was the Lena Goldfields Massacre and how many killed?
Workers striking over 14 hour day in 1912. | 200 killed.
53
Noticeable defeats in WW1
Tannenburg (1914) and Masurian Lakes (1915). Despite a good counter offensive by Brusilov in 1916, defeated by Germans!
54
Where did Russia do well in WW1
1000x growth in output of rifles
55
Problems of home front
Grain prices quadrupled and governmetn withdrew from Gold standard in 1914\
56
What were WICs?
War Industries Committees | Businesses formed them to help the War effort. Tsar undermined by refusing to cooperate w/ them
57
What was the Progressive Bloc
Formed in 1915 when Tsar reopened Duma. Called for constitutional monarchy.
58
When did the February Revolution start
23rd February 1917: International Woman's Day. 250,000 on strike by the 25th. Army refused to shoot on the crowd, and the Tsar was forced to resign by March!
59
When was the MRC set up
10th October 1917
60
When did Bolsheviks seize control
24th October. Had arrested prov gov next day.
61
When was the Decree on Peace
October 1917
62
When was the Decree on Land
October 1917
63
When was the Decree on Workers' control
November 1917
64
When was the Cheka introduced
December 1917
65
When was the Red Army
January 1918
66
How did Lenin establish control with other parties
Parties banned by January 1918 | Opposition press banned in October 1917
67
Results for constituent assembly
``` SRs = 410 Bolsheviks = 175 ```
68
When was the constituent assembly shut
5th January 1918
69
When was the Treaty of Brest Litovsk
3rd March 1918
70
What did the T of BL do>
Russia lost land in Poland, Georgia, Ukraine, etc. | Lost three quarters of iron ore!
71
When was the Civil War?
November 1917-October 1922
72
Desertion within the Red Army?
1920: 5 million in Red Army.. 4 million had deserted by 1921
73
Divisions whitin White Army
10 SRs arrested by officers after a coup (despite them supposed to be fighting together). Most SRs subsequently distrusted Admiral Kolchak
74
Examples of change to leadership in Civil War
In conflicted places, no certain leader and state was minimal E.g. Kiev changed hands 16 times
75
Why War Communism
Production decreased tenfold due to State Capitalism.
76
When did grain requisitioning start?
May 1918
77
Why was Red Terror introduced
SRs Killed 2 Bolsheviks (and the German Ambassador ) in protest of Brest-Litovsk in July 1918
78
How many killed in Red Terror
300,000
79
Who profited off black market in War Communism
Bag Men
80
Wage level in War Communism
2% of 1913 level
81
What was the second Kronsdadt Mutiny
Sailors - previously supporting Bolsheviks - mutined to get civil rights in March 1921 They were shot
82
Results of NEP
Factory productino had quadrupled by 1922 | NEPMEN responsible for three quarters of trade
83
What was the Scissors Crisis
By 1923, overproduction of agricultural goods and underproduction (and overprice x3) of industrial goods.
84
When did the Sovnarkom begin to fade
1920: barely ever met. Politburo more dominant.
85
How did Stalin get rid of his opposition?
1925: Zinoviev, Kamenev and Trotsky formed the United Opposition against Stalin. Stalin accused them of factionalism and they were expelled in 1927. 1928: outed right (Bukharin, Tomsky and Rykov) over their support of NEP
86
Production under NEP
1913: 13m tonnes gtain exported NEP: never more than 3m
87
When did collectivisation begin?
Summer 1929, and set to be complete by Autumn 1930 (but there was a retreat on 2nd March 1930)
88
When was collevtivisation complete
1937: 95% of farms collectivised
89
How many suffered from dekulakisation
1 million
90
When was Stalin's famine
1932-34 - 5 million died
91
What was the law of Seven Eighths
1932: forbade peasants stealing kolkhoz property
92
Examples of new industrial centres in Stalin's FYP
Magnitogorsk, Urals
93
Example of how optimistic first FYP was
Predicted they would make 10m tonnes of coal more than what they did!
94
What was the Shakty Trial>
March 1928: managers were accused of counter-revolutionary activities in Shakhty coal mine in Don Basin. The staff were forced to confess in a show trial. 5 of which were executed
95
When was the first FYP
1928-1932
96
When were the 3 good years
1933-36: under Second Year Plan - expectations lower
97
Life for women under Stalin
10m women in workforce. BUT only 4 women head doctors
98
When did absenteeism become a crime
1940
99
When was Kirov killed
1st December 1934
100
First major show trial
Trial of the Sixteen,1936 : Kamenev and Zinoviev killed
101
Last major show trial
Trial of the twenty-one, 1938. Rykov and Bukharin killed.
102
How much did the purge of the army effect it
All 11 War Commissars removed
103
Where was a regular place for Yezhovischina
Butovo: 20,000 dead.
104
Alexander III famine: when, how many died?
1891 - 400,000 dead

History - Russia (5 decks)

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