rv Flashcards
to ace the regents (156 cards)
1
Q
Independent Variable
A
a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.
2
Q
Dependent Variable
A
a variable (often denoted by y ) whose value depends on that of another.
3
Q
Experimental group
A
the collection of participants in experimental research who receive the treatment that is the focus of the study
4
Q
Control/ control group
A
a group separated from the rest of the experiment, where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results
5
Q
Control factor
A
an experimental condition or element that is kept the same throughout the experiment
6
Q
C.H.O.N.
A
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
7
Q
Organic compound
A
Compound containing both carbon and hydrogen.
8
Q
Carbohydrates
A
enzymes, Starches and sugars that give the body energy.
9
Q
Protein
A
enzymes, Build and repair body tissue and are the building blocks of life.
10
Q
Lipids
A
Fats, Stores energy in long amounts, makes up cell membrane, insulates & protects
11
Q
Nucleic acids
A
nucleotides, Acid Stores genetic information that are needed to make a protein
12
Q
Building blocks/monomers
A
Small molecules
13
Q
Macronutrients
A
Nutrients required in large amounts
14
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining a stable internal environment while the external environment is changing
15
Q
Catalyst
A
Speed up the rate of chemical reactions
16
Q
Enzyme
A
Proteins made by the body that allow chemical reactions to take place by binding to a substrate
17
Q
Substrate
A
Specific substances that an enzyme binds to
18
Q
Denature
A
Destroying of a protein or enzyme
19
Q
Compound Microscope
A
Used to look at cells and microscopic organisms
20
Q
Electron Microscope
A
Uses beams of electrons to look at organisms at a greater magnification
21
Q
Field of view
A
The diameter of what can be seen through a microscope
22
Q
μm
A
The diameter of what can be seen through a microscope
23
Q
Biotic
A
Living
24
Q
Abiotic
A
Non-living
25
Cells
The basic units of life
26
Organelles
Tiny structures within a cell
27
Prokaryotic cell
Cell with no nucleus
28
Eukaryotic cell
Cell with nucleus
29
Cell membrane
Controls what goes in and out of a cell
30
Cell wall
Gives structure to a plant cell
31
Mitochondria
Site for cellular respiration/ Produces ATP (energy)
32
Chloroplast
Site for photosynthesis
33
Ribosome
Produces proteins
34
Vacuole
Stores food and waste
35
E.R.
Transports proteins smooth ER & Rough ER
36
Nucleus
Controls all the cells activities
37
Lysosome
Breaks down food
38
Centriole
Aids in a cell division
39
Receptor Protein
responsible for receiving signals from other cells in the body
40
Passive transport/diffusion
movement of molecules from high to low concentration without using energy
41
Active Transport
-the movement of molecules from low to high concentration using energy
42
Osmosis
-the movement of water from high to low concentration
43
Transport
The ability to move needed substances from one place to another.
44
Regulation
:The ability to maintain homeostasis
45
Hetetroph
obtaining food from an outside source
46
Autotroph
The ability for an organism to produce their own food
47
Cellular respiration
the process of converting glucose into energy (ATP) for the cell; occurs in the mitochondria
48
Glucose
organic simple sugar that is produced during photosynthesis as food for the plant and taken in during respiration to make energy (ATP) for the cell
49
ATP
the energy that is produced during cellular respiration
50
Aerobic Respiration
type of respiration that uses oxygen, occurs in the mitochondria
51
Anaerobic Respiration
-type of respiration that does NOT use oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm Example: Fermentation
52
Lactic acid
chemical byproduct produced by anaerobic respiration
53
Artery
Largest blood vessel, Takes blood away from the heart.
54
Capillary
Smallest blood vessel, allows for gas exchange
55
Veins
Blood vessel that takes blood back to the heart and contains valves to prevent backflow
56
RBC
Component of blood that transports oxygen, contains hemoglobin, No nucleus
57
WBC
Fight infections, contain nucleus, largest in size.
58
Hemoglobin
Iron containing portion of blood that binds to oxygen so it can be transported throughout the body
59
Plasma
Liquid portion of blood, transports waste and nutrients
60
Platelets
Clotting portion of blood,traps red blood cells by releasing fibrin and forming scabs
61
Pathogen/microbe
A bacterium, virus or other microorganism that can cause disease
62
Antigen
A marker on a pathogen that is recognized as a specific antibody
63
Phagocyte/macrophage
A type of white blood cell called a lymp
64
B-cell
a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.
65
T-cell
a lymphocyte of a type produced or processed by the thymus gland and actively participating in the immune response.
66
Active immunity
when our own immune system is responsible for protecting us from a pathogen
67
Passive Immunity
occurs when we are protected from a pathogen by immunity gained from someone else.
68
Vaccine
A weakened pathogen put into a body to help form more WBC and antibodies
69
Antibiotics
a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
70
Antibodies
a medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
71
Neuron
Cells of the nervous system, unlike any other cell in the body
72
Receptor
Receives stimulus and sends it to sensory neurons
73
Sensory Neuron
Receives stimuli from receptors, converts it to an electrical impulse and sends it to interneurons
74
Motor Neuron
Sends impulse to a muscle or gland for a response
75
Interneuron
-The bridge of communication between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron
76
Neurotransmitter
Chemical/ Electrical signal that travels along a neuron
77
Hormone
Chemical signal released from a gland
78
Voluntary
Response you have control over
79
Involuntary
An action you have no control over
80
Reflex
A response that doesn’t travel to brain
81
Gland
an organ in the human or animal body which secretes particular chemical substances for use in the body or for discharge into the surroundings.
82
Hormone
a regulatory substance produced in an organism and transported in tissue fluids such as blood or sap to stimulate specific cells or tissues into action
83
Target cell
a cell which bears receptors for a hormone
84
Pancreas
a large gland behind the stomach which secretes digestive enzymes and creates insulin to regulate blood sugar levels
85
Testes
Produces sperm
86
Ovaries
Stores egg cells
87
Asexual Reproduction
a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes.
88
Sexual Reproduction
a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes.
89
Mitosis
A form of Asexual reproduction that makes body cells. Two daughter cells are made with the identical number of chromosomes as the parent cell
90
Meiosis
A form of sexual reproduction that produces 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, has two divisions, produces sex cells
91
Diploid cell
A cell that has 46 chromosomes or 2N
92
Haploid cell
A cell that has 23 chromosomes or 1N
93
Vas Deferens
Transports sperm from testes to the urethra
94
Bladder
Stores urine
95
Penis
Male reproductive organ
96
Vagina
Female reproductive organ/Birth Canal
97
Fallopian Tubes
Site for fertilization
98
uterus
Womb
99
Zygote
(Fertilized egg) first body cell
100
Fertilization
union of sperm and egg cell that mixes genetic information providing for variation within the species.
101
Placenta
provides nutrients and oxygen to the developing baby, and gets rid of waste.
102
Umbilical cord
Connects Baby to Placenta
103
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid/ The genetic makeup of all living things
104
Nitrogen bases
DNA has 4: Adenine, Thymine, Guanine & Cytosine. These four bases make up the Nucleotide for DNA
105
Complementary strands
Two strands that make up DNA that form the ladder of DNA. Adenine→ Thymine; Guanine→ Cytosine
106
RNA
Ribonucleic acid, single strand, thymine is replaced with uracil
107
Helicase
Enzyme that cuts DNA into 2 strands during DNA replication
108
DNA replication
Process of making a copy of DNA
109
Uracil
Found in RNA, base pairs with Adenine & replaces thymine during DNA transcription
110
Recombinant DNA
DNA that has been formed artificially by combining parts from different organisms
111
Genetic engineering
The process of using Recombinant DNA to change the genetic makeup of an organism
112
Restriction enzyme
An enzyme produced by certain bacteria that Cleaves DNA and can eliminate infectious organisms
113
Cloning
Process of producing individuals with identical DNA. Produced by Asexual reproduction
114
Genome
The genetic material of an organism
115
Gene therapy
Delivery of gene into a patient's cells as a means to treat disease
116
Gene screening
Experimental technique used to identify and select for individuals who possess a specific gene
117
Transgenic
A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
118
Gel electrophoresis
is a technique used to separate DNA fragments according to their size through the use of a charge
119
Agarose gel
el that traps fragments of DNA based on size
120
Evolution
The chance in the characteristics of an organism overtime
121
Natural selection
"Only the strongest survive" Those who are not best fit for their environment will not survive to reproduce.
122
Niche
A role taken by an organism in its specific community.
123
variation
Different forms of a trail within a population
124
Adaptation
Variety that makes an organism better fit for their environment
125
Mutation
A change in DNA
126
Ecology
The study of organisms and their interactions within their environment
127
Population
All the individuals in a single species that live in a single area
128
Community
A combination of all the diff populations that live in the environment
129
Ecosystem
All the living and nonliving things that interact in a specific area
130
Ecological succession
The process by which an existing community is replaced by another community.
131
Species
One type of organism living within a population
132
Habitat
the natural environment for a particular species)
133
Community
A combination of all the different populations that live in the environment
134
Biosphere
Made up of all the Earth's Ecosystems
135
Global warming
Burning of fossil fuels, increase levels of carbon dioxide
136
Overpopulation
Population increasing reaching Earth’s carrying capacity
137
Deforestation
Permanent removal of trees to make room for other industries
138
Imported species
Import and release species from one environment to another
139
Acid rain
Release of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxides in atmosphere
140
Destruction of ozone
Compounds released by aerosol cans (CFC’s)
141
Primary succession
process where plants and animals first colonize a barren habitat
142
Secondary succession
after a disaster (flood, fire, etc.), new plants and animals fill an area
143
Symbiosis
Relationships between organisms
144
Mutualism
Type of symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit
145
Parasitism
Type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism is harmed ex) human-host to mosquito
146
Commensalism
Type of symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits and the other organism is unharmed ex) clownfish and sea anemone
147
Predation
Relationship where one organism preys on a another for survival
148
Trophic level
position an organism occupies in a food chain
149
Biomass
The total amount of living tissue within an organism
150
Producers
Plants
151
Primary consumers
herbivores
152
secondary consumers
caronivores
153
tertiary consumer
carnivore
154
quaternary consumer
carnivore
155
Food chain
In ecology, the sequence of transfers of matter and energy in the form of food from organism to organism
156
Food web
he natural interconnection of food chains of what-eats-what in an ecological community
