S1 CANADA

Question 1

2023

Answer 1

41 million Canadians (harsh weather conditions = not densely populated)

Question 2

Confederation of 10 provinces

Answer 2

1. Alberta
2. British Columbia
3. Manitoba
4. New Brunswick
5. Newfoundland and Labrador
6. Nova Scotia
7. Ontario
8. Prince Edward Island
9. Quebec
10. Saskatchewan

Question 3

Three territories

Answer 3

1. Yukon Territory
2. Northwest Territories
3. Nunavut

Question 4

CANADA

Answer 4

Confederation of 10 provinces and 3 territories
Parliamentary monarchy (like the UK)
Commonwealth realm
Capital: Ottawa
Head of the government: Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (2015-2025)

Question 5

First missions and settlements (road to Independence)

Answer 5

Settlements by indigenous people (Eastern Woodlands)
Legacy: Iroquois Confederacy and Algonquian languages

Question 6

10th century

Answer 6

Contacts with the Vikings who stopped in Newfoundland

Question 7

15th century onward

Answer 7

Explorer traveling to the Americas: sent by the English, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese

Question 8

16th century

Answer 8

French intented to claim some land
1534: Jacques Cartier claimed area around Saint Lawrence River and called the region Canada + New France was created.
French interested in the fishing and the fur trades.

Question 9

Conflicts

Answer 9

Commercial relations between French and Algonquians
Iroquois unfavorable to such an alliance, attacked
Beaver Wars 1629-1701 (serie of wars weakened natives)
Iroquois traditionally sided with England

Question 10

Seven Years’ War 1754-1763

Answer 10

Between the French and the British, both tried to ally with Indians
1759: the British defeated the French and took Quebec (city) and Montreal, a year later.
Victory convinced the Iroquois to abandon neutrality and side with the British.

Question 11

Treaty of Paris 1763 (end of the war)

Answer 11

France lost its major holdings to Britain � including New France - and ceded Louisiana to Spain (1762)4, who ceded Florida to the British.
France could not threaten the British, and its colonies.

Question 12

Revolution of British colonies

Answer 12

Demanded independence, ended up in the creation of the US.
Loyalists who wanted to be British moved to Canada

Question 13

1791 Constitutional Act

Answer 13

British government decided to split Canada into 2 parts :
1. Lower Canada: whose capital, Toronto, was founded by Loyalists, French-speaking.
2. Upper Canada: English-speaking

Question 14

The War of 1812

Answer 14

Between the British and the US, “Second War of Independence”
Canada was invaded by the U.S. but managed to repel them, resisted and the war contributed to a growing sense of identity.
The country was on the road to independence

Question 15

Fight for independence in the 19th century

Answer 15

1830s-1840s: Canadians inspired by American Revolutionary War
British tired of wars, did not want to deal with another rebellion

Question 16

Act of Union of 1840

Answer 16

Signed by the British, created the United Province of Canada, uniting Lower and Upper Canada

Question 17

1867 British North America Act (or Constitution Act)

Answer 17

Canada = dominion and a democracy, with Ottawa as capital.
4 provinces at that time: Ontario, Qu�bec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.

Question 18

Transcontinental railroad

Answer 18

Expansion and economical development
Immigrants move west: conflucts, gov sent expeditions north and created the Northern Territories 1870
Rebellion of the M�tis under Louis Riel who fled to the US
Expansion: 1898 creation of Yukon and 1905 Saskatchewan and Alberta became provinces

Question 19

Klondike Gold Rush 1890s

Question 20

Canada in the 20th century: the growth of the country

Answer 20

WWI: hundreds of thousands of Canadian soldiers sent to Europe
1919: Canada joined the League of Nations independently
1931: Statute of Westminster was passed to make sure that Canada would be considered on equal terms
=> Another step towards sovereignty

Question 21

Maple Leaf Flag

Answer 21

1965

Question 22

Canada Act, 1982

Answer 22

The country voted to create its own constitution and its own bill of rights (The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom)
Common principles: bilingualism, multiculturalism and federalism
The country�s history was not without crisis: secessionist endeavors in Quebec
1997: the Supreme Court ruled that secession would be unconstitutional

Question 23

2021: Canada is divided “along regional lines”

Answer 23

In voting behavior, political culture, ideology, economic performance, policy preferences, attitudes, and public opinion.
Strong attachment to their region, “strong provincial governments”

Question 24

Constitutional monarchy + Commonwealth + FEDERALISM

Answer 24

Each region can make decision on a number of topics = there can be tensions between the regions and the federan government

Question 25

ONTARIO

Answer 25

Most populous province, most powerful economically speaking Many manufacturing companies that are linked to powerful American companies Lately, high tech aeronautics companies have settled there Toronto, Ontario�s capital = major asset for the province, part of the network of Creative Cities (UNESCO) Attracts many people from all over the world and is the country�s financial center.

Question 26

QUEBEC

Answer 26

2nd largest economic power in Canada Quite similar to Ontario: important multicultural city, Montreal & its financial power Both provinces = dynamic and attractive financial region, well-situated to trade with the U.S. and Europe

Question 27

Prairie Provinces: MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN, ALBERTA

Answer 27

Isolated but very interesting because of the natural resources there Alberta = many oil reserves, Canada is usually either the 2nd, 3rd or 4th producer of oil in the world (after Venezuela and Saudi Arabia) That part of Canada is also known for gas extraction, agriculture and mining.

Question 28

BRITISH COLOMBIA

Answer 28

�Isolated� on the western coast, it is nonetheless thriving. Green energy industries = major there, along with forestry, construction, education, agriculture, mining, tourism, film and television and high tech. Vancouver = major city on the Canadian western front, benefits from it position that facilitates trade with the Pacific and with East Asia.

Question 29

Geopolitics definition

Answer 29

�Geopolitics refers to a strategy for national identity and development based on a country's geographical characteristics and natural resources. From the development of a geopolitical strategy can flow industrial strategies, defence policies and a formula for permanent control over local branch plants of externally owned multinational corporations.�

Question 30

Canada = "geo-strategic region"

Answer 30

Has the potential to influence regional politics (assets = natural resources that are valuable: gas & oil) Canada has to negotiate with the world and the US + to define what kind of countray it wants to be on the international stage

Question 31

Canada foreign policy from 1945 to 1968

Answer 31

1. Canadian soft power and value 2. Canadian foreign policy: between realism and romanticism

Question 32

Nelson Michaud

Answer 32

�Canada�s role and stance in the world cannot be explained by mainstream international relations theories that base a country�s action on elements of power related to military might, population, territory and its resources, or economic strength.� Academics => Canada : middle power, intermediate power, or satellite power.

Question 33

Soft power, Nye, 1991

Answer 33

A country�s power does not necessarily have something to do with its military (or �hard� power). The countries with the highest level of soft power are able to put forward values in the way it handles its relations with other countries.

Question 34

Denis Stairs about the "Canadian values"

Answer 34

�Canadians have grown alarmingly smug, complacent, and self-deluded in their approach to international affairs...More specifically, they have come to think of themselves not as others are, but as morally superior. They believe, in particular that they subscribe to a distinctive set of values � �Canadians values� � and that those values are special in the sense of being unusually virtuous.�

Question 35

Psycho-social values (Stairs)

Answer 35

Respect for the environment Support for democracy and democratization Social equity (social and economic justice) Human rights and tolerance towards diversity Civil society involvement

Question 36

Politico-operational values (Stairs)

Answer 36

Rule of law Multilateralism (peace-keeping and peace-making) International development assistance

Question 37

Prime Minister Louis Saint Laurent

Answer 37

�We must play a role in world affairs in keeping with the ideals and sacrifices of the young men [�] who went to war.�

Question 38

Canadian values 1995

Answer 38

�The promotion of prosperity� �The protection of security within a stable global framework" Values (foreign policy has to be in the interest of the country first)

Question 39

After 9/11

Answer 39

Security = ccrucial element of foreign policy. 2005 Martin gov: diplomacy, defense, development and trade.

Question 40

Michaud about Canadian values

Answer 40

�Although values generally seem solidly anchored in the Canadian foreign policy landscape, are they enough to carry Canada in a new environment, where actors are more numerous than ever and where consensus will probably be more difficult to reach?�

Question 41

1968

Answer 41

Election of Pierre Trudeau as Prime Minister, turning point

Question 42

Canadian foreign policy

Answer 42

Between 1945 and 1968, between realism and romanticism

Question 43

Adam Chapnik about Canadian foreign policy

Answer 43

1/ The early Post-war phase, 1945-53, dominated by realists 2/ The time of transition, 1954-57 3/ The age of romanticism, 1957-68

Question 44

PHASE 1 The earli post-war (1945-53)

Answer 44

WWII: shift and opportunity for Canada, participated in the creation of several multilateral organizations: - International Monetary Fund (IMF) - International Bank for Reconstruction and Development - United Nations - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 45

Active uranium producing and refining industry

Answer 45

Canada= country that was worth being in good terms with. Atomic weapons in Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the end of the war made the world enter the nuclear age

Question 46

Credibility ++

Answer 46

In good shape, economically speaking. Oil and gas reserves discovered in Alberta, and all economic areas were healthy

Question 47

Louis Saint Laurent as Secretary of State for External Affairs

Answer 47

Support to the anti-communist cause �on the side of political liberty, the rule of law, and the values of humanity.� Goal: to make its voice heard in international organizations.

Question 48

Canadian diplomats held important jobs in international institutions

Answer 48

Louis Rasminsky: leader in the creation of the IMF and World Bank Norman Robertson: U.N.�s favorite candidate to become the first secretary general John Read: nominee to the International Court of Justice in 1946.

Question 49

St Laurent

Answer 49

�No society of nations can prosper if it does not have the support of those who hold major share of the world�s military and economic power.� The country was following a realistic attitude to try to become a legitimate power.

Question 50

PHASE 2 Time for Transition (1954-57)

Answer 50

1954: accepted a seat on a subcommittee of the U.N.�s disarmament commission 1955: co-sponsored a resolution that praised the establishment of the International Atomic Energy Agency. => Actions in tune with the policy the country had had so far : towards leadership.

Question 51

Chapnik: shift in the international context

Answer 51

1953 Stalin died, easer tensions 10 years before: Canadian delegation to the U.N. had refused a disarmament resolution introduced by the SU, considering that it was not legitimate enough to have a say on the use of weapons (pacifist country) = countries such as the US had to decide 1955: took the lead, pressured for an agreement between the great powers and pushed for the inclusion of 16 new powers to the UN General Assembly

Question 52

Lester Pearson

Answer 52

Secretary of State for External Affairs at the time, was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for creating the United Nations Emergency Force. Canada�s role in international affairs was growing.

Question 53

Adam Chapnik about the transition

Answer 53

�Whether the 1954-57 period should be considered the end of the realists� golden age or the prelude to a decade of romanticism is therefore unclear. It is more certain that what followed was a period of adjustment and romantic thinking, enabled, if not encouraged, by a changing set of global and domestic circumstances.�

Question 54

PHASE 3 The age of romanticism (1957-68)

Answer 54

Cold War: bipolar system, Europe = important place to exert power. Canada: hard tome asserting any kind of power in the new context, especially since UN had welcope 40 former colonies, balance of power shifted. 50-60s, power of the UN decreased. Canada: estranged from the tendency to develop nuclear bomb (1964: "nuclear club", US, SU, France, GB, China)

Question 55

Canada remained active player (UN & Commonwealth)

Answer 55

PM Diefenbaker criticized South Africa over apartheid in 1961 at the Meeting of Commonwealth Prime Ministers. Nobody else had had the courage to do so.

Question 56

Turning point 1968 Pierre Trudeau PM

Answer 56

New era: �Canada first� policy, regardless of what allies thought. Relation with the U.S. deteriorated in the 1960s (PT�s gov prioritized domestic affairs) but Canada was careful and willing to protect its relationship with the American giant

Question 57

FP depends on the PM's "style" and party

Answer 57

Liberal Justin Trudeau's election represented a turning point compared to the former Conservative PM, Stephen Harper