S1 - Public Health Foundations Flashcards
What is the #1 cause of death in the U.S.?
Cardiovascular disease
What is the #2 cause of death in the U.S.?
Cancer
What is the #3 cause of death in the U.S.?
Unintentional injuries
What is the #4 cause of death in the U.S.?
Chronic lower respiratory diseases
What is the #5 cause of death in the U.S.?
Stroke
What is the #6 cause of death in the U.S.?
Alzheimer’s Disease
What is the #7 cause of death in the U.S.?
Diabetes
What is the #8 cause of death in the U.S.?
Pneumonia and influenza
What is the #9 cause of death in the U.S.?
Nephritis, nephrosis, and nephrotic syndrome
What is the #10 cause of death in the U.S.?
Suicide
What is the CEA Winslow definition of public health?
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical health and efficiency…
(PrevProlProm)
Name a few of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th and 21st centuries.
Immunizations Motor-vehicle safety Workplace safety Family planning Fluoridation of drinking water Infectious disease control
Describe Leavell and Clark’s Levels of Prevention (Primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary).
Primordial - Population measures (E.g. legislation)
Primary - Addressing individual risk factors (E.g. proper nutrition)
Secondary - Screenings (E.g. pap smears)
Tertiary - Disease treatment (E.g. a type 1 diabetic receiving insulin administration)
Quaternary - Reducing over-medicalization (E.g. strict opioid administration to prevent unnecessary use)
Define incidence rate.
The number of new cases of a disease over a certain period of time
Define prevalence rate.
The number of existing cases within a certain window of time
Define social determinants of health.
The social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. These circumstances are shaped by the distribution of money, power, and resources at global, national and local levels. The social determinants of health are mostly responsible for health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries (WHO definition).
What is the difference between absolute and relative poverty?
Absolute poverty is defined as living on less than $2 a day and refers to all individuals under this amount globally.
Relative poverty refers to the difference in wealth between an individual and those in their community (E.g. an individual that makes $40,000 per year living near an individual making $200,000 per year is relatively impoverished in comparison).
What is the federal poverty level?
The recognized U.S. poverty line.
Examples:
< $12,000 per year for individuals
< $16,500 per year for a family of two
(The amount steadily increases with the size of the family)
What is the absolute poverty level?
Living on less than $2 per day (1 billion individuals are in this bracket worldwide)
What is the difference between active and passive immunity?
While both are forms of acquired immunity, active immunity refers to immunity in which the individual synthesizes their own antibodies. Passive immunity refers to immunity in which the individual receives pre-synthesized antibodies from an external source.
Give an example of active natural immunity.
An individual gets exposed to a pathogenic antigen and begins synthesizing their own antibodies.
Give an example of active artificial immunity.
Vaccination
Give an example of passive natural immunity.
A mother passing her antibodies (IgA) to her baby through her breast milk
Give an example of passive artificial immunity.
Lab-synthesized gammaglobulins being administered (E.g. following a hepatitis needle stick or bite by a rabid dog)
