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biolo convo > S1p2 > Flashcards

S1p2 Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

1.Belgian Blues have more, and large muscle cells than ordinary cattle because

A

lack of myostatin.

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2
Q

Belgian Blues cattle pre muscle cells

A

multiply more than normal

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3
Q

The name of the British researcher that tried to make a vaccine to prevent pneumonia was________________

A

Frederick Griffith

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4
Q

The two strains used in the development of the pneumonia experiment are :

A

Rand S

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5
Q

The following scientists concluded that transformation must be caused by DNA ,and not by traces of protein contaminating the DNA

A

Avery, Colin, Leod and Mc Carty.

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6
Q

All are characteristics of DNA EXCEPT

A

being single-stranded.

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7
Q

What are the complementary bases of a DNA double helix?

A

AT and CG.

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8
Q

Which scientists are credited with discovering the physical structure of DNA?

A

Watson and Crick.

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9
Q

Nucleotides of DNA are composed of three substances, named:

A

sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

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10
Q

What is the role of hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA?

A

connect the base pairs.

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11
Q

This enzyme pulls apart the parental DNA double helix and is called

A

DNA helicase

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12
Q

The enzyme that moves along each separated parental DNA strand, matching bases on the parental strands with complementary free nucleotides is called

A

DNA polymerase

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13
Q

The scientists that made the first DNA X rays were

A

Franklin and Wilkins

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14
Q

The 5-carbon sugar in DNA is called

A

deoxiribose

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15
Q

If a nucleotide pair in a sequence is deleted the mutation is called

A

deletion.

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16
Q

The basic units of DNA are called:

A

nucleotides

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17
Q

Bases that can form pairs in DNA are called

A

complementary

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18
Q

c. The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are called:

A

adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine

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19
Q

The sugar of one nucleotide is linked to:

Study These Flashcards
A

the phosphate

20
Q

Two nucleotide strands wind together to form a

21
Q

a protein that is in all mammals is what makes the muscles not grow in an exaggerated way. It means “to make muscles stay the same”. is….

22
Q

Belgian Blue bulls have larger muscles than ordinary bulls. These because ?

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A

they don’t produce normal myostatin.

23
Q

How did scientists discover that genes are made of DNA?

Study These Flashcards
A

Late 1800’s scientists knew genetic information existed in genes. – they didn’t know what a gene was.
1900’s studies of divided cells provided evidence that genes are part of chromosomes.

24
Q

Antibacterial vaccines consist of:

Study These Flashcards
A
  • A weakened strain of the bacteria, it can’t cause illness. Injecting the weakened but living strain into an animal may cause immunity against the strains.
  • Others use disease-causing (virulent) bacteria that has been killed by exposure to heat or chemicals.
25
who said tried to make a vaccine to prevent bacterial pneumonia?
Frederick Griffith
26
Griffith’s Experimented with 2 strains of the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae
- R-strain: didn’t cause pneumonia when injected. - S-strain: when injected it did cause the illness and killed the mice in 2 days.
27
Who discovered that the transforming molecule is DNA
- Oswald Avery - Colin MacLeod - Maclyn McCarty
28
They insolated DNA from the live S-strain and mixed it with live ________ and produced live________.
R-strain, S-strain.
29
with DNA-destroying enzymes: it prevented the
transformation
30
DNA consists of long chains made of subunits called _________
nucleotides
31
nucleotides consists of 3 parts:
- Phosphate group - Sugar called deoxyribose - 1 of 4 nitrogen containing bases.
32
The bases of nucleotides are:
- Adenine (A) - Thymine (T) - Guanine (G) - Cytosine (C)
33
who analyzed the amounts of the four bases in DNA from diverse organisms like bacteria, fish and humans?
Erwin Chargaff
34
Who used X-ray diffraction to study the DNA molecule. They bombarded crystals of purified DNA with X-rays and recorded how they bounced off the DNA?
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
35
Wilkins and Franklin could extract information about DNA from the pattern. Which information?
- It is long and thin - Uniform diameter of 2 nanometers - It is helical, twisted like a spiral staircase. - It is a double helix – 2 DNA strands coil around one another. - Consists of repeating subunits - Phosphates are outside of the helix.
36
Who combined the diffraction data with knowing how complex organic structures bond and considering that “important biological objects come in pairs”, deduced the structure of DNA?
James Watson and Francis Crick:
37
is bonded to the sugar of the next nucleotide, making a sugar-phosphate backbone of alternating covalently bonded sugars and phosphates. The bases stick out of the backbone.
The phosphate group of one nucleotide
38
Watson and Crick said that a complete DNA molecule consists of
- 2 strands of DNA assembled like a twisted ladder. - The sugar-phosphate backbones form the uprights of the ladder. - The rungs are specific pairs of bases, with one member of each pair coming from the backbone. The pair of bases are held together by hydrogen bonds. - The 2 strands in the double helix are antiparallel to one another, they are oriented in different directions.
39
Complementary bases:
A-T G-C
40
How does DNA replication ensure genetic constancy during cell division?
Rudolf Virchow said cells come from preexisting cells. Almost every cell in the body contains identical genetic information that is the same from when we are a fertilized egg.
41
Essential ingredients for replication:
- Parental DNA strands - Free nucleotides - Enzymes that unwind the parental DNA doble helix and synthesize new strands.
42
the ones that break the doble helix. They pull apart the parental doble helix, so the bases no longer form base pairs with each other is:
DNA helicase:
43
enzyme that synthesizes a DNA polymer. They move along separated parental DNA strand, matching bases on the parental strands with complementary free nucleotides is:
DNA polymerase:
44
What are mutations and how do they occur?
The nucleotide sequence is preserved with great precision.
45
what is mutation?
occasional changes in the nucleotide sequence. / An alteration in sequences of DNA
46
rare causes of mutations are:
- X-rays - UV rays - Some cigarette components - Some fungi
47
Types of mutations?
1. Inversion 2. Translocation 3. Insertion 4. Deletion 5. Point mutation or substitution

biolo convo (4 decks)

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