S2

Question 1

What is the biomedical model of health?

Answer 1

The biomedical model of health focuses on purely biological factors and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. It is the leading modern way for health care professionals to diagnose and treat a condition in most Western countries.

Question 2

What is the biopsychosocial model of health?

Answer 2

Framework that states the interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors determine the cause, manifestation, and outcome of wellness and disease

Question 3

Describe how behavioural, psychological, and social factors contribute to health and disease

Answer 3

Behavioural factors: tobacco use, alcohol consumption, inadequate physical activity, some sexual practices, and high-fat or low-fibre diets

Psychological factors: stress, cognition, emotion

Social factors: early life experiences, social support, employment, social class

Question 4

What are lay health beliefs?

Answer 4

Beliefs about health and illness held by non-professionals, exploring what health means to people

Question 5

What is the negative definition of health?

Answer 5

Health equates to the absence of illness

Question 6

What is the functional definition of health?

Answer 6

Health is the ability to do certain things

Question 7

What is the positive definition of health?

Answer 7

Health is a state of well-being and fitness

Question 8

What constitutes lay theories of health?

Answer 8

One’s cultural, social and personal knowledge and experience and own biography

Question 9

What is a disadvantage of lay theories of health?

Answer 9

Medical information may be rejected if it is incompatible with competing ideas for which people consider there is good evidence

Question 10

What are the two distinct issues of lay epidemiology?

Answer 10

Understand why and how illness happens

Why it happened to a particular person at a particular time

Question 11

How does lay beliefs influence health behaviour?

Answer 11

Engaging in an activity that impacts on health or helps prevent illness

Question 12

How does lay beliefs influence illness behaviour?

Answer 12

Ill person engages to define illness and seek solution

Question 13

How does lay beliefs influence sick role behaviour?

Answer 13

Formal response to symptoms, including seeking formal help and actions of person as a patient

Question 14

What is the symptom iceberg?

Answer 14

Phenomenon that most symptoms are managed in the community without people seeking professional health care

Question 15

What influences illness behaviour?

Answer 15

Culture, visibility or salience of symptoms, extent to which symptoms disrupt life, frequency and persistence of symptoms, tolerance threshold, information and understanding, availability of resources, lay referral

Question 16

What is the lay referral system?

Answer 16

The chain of advice seeking contacts which the sick make with other lay people prior to-or instead of- seeking help from healthcare professionals

Question 17

Why is lay referral important?

Answer 17

Helps you to understand: why people might have delayed in seeking help, how, why and when people consult a doctor, your role as a doctor in their health, use of health services and medication, use of alternative medicines

Question 18

What is a key factor influencing how quickly medical advice is sought?

Answer 18

Symptom evaluation

Question 19

What are the three broad groups in the adherence to treatment?

Answer 19

Deniers and distancers, accepters, pragmatists

Question 20

what is medication behaviour tied to?

Answer 20

People’s beliefs about condition, social circumstances, and threat to identity

Question 21

What is a chronic illness?

Answer 21

Chronic diseases are diseases which current medical interventions can only control not cure. There is no return to normal life. Includes LTC

Question 22

What is a long-term condition?

Answer 22

LTC is a condition that cannot, at present, be cured but is controlled by medication and/or other treatment/therapies

Question 23

What percentage of total health and care spent in England is attributed to caring for people with LTCs?

Answer 23

70%

Question 24

How the sociological approach to chronic illness distinct?

Answer 24

Focuses on how chronic illness impacts on social interaction and role performance

Modern theory derived mostly from studies in the interactionist tradition

Concerned with experiences and meanings of chronic illness- a negotiated reality

Interested in how people manage and negotiate chronic illness in everyday life (individually and through social networks/systems?

Question 25

What is the model of the sick role?

Answer 25

Sick role is a temporary, medially sanctioned form of deviant behaviour. Functional theory of experience of illness. In order to be excused their usual duties and to be considered not to be responsible for their condition, the sick person is expected to seek professional advice and to adhere to treatments in order to get well. Medical practitioners are empowered to sanction their temporary absence from the workforce and family duties as well as to absolve them of blame. Not directly acknowledging role of the body- relationship between society and individual

Question 26

What are illness narratives?

Answer 26

How individuals make sense of their illness, drawing on their physical experience and social understandings How individuals rebuild their identity and sense of self

Question 27

What are the limitations of the sick role?

Answer 27

Not all illnesses are temporary, does not acknowledge differences between people, does not acknowledge individual agency in defining and coping with illness- not involving medical profession

Question 28

What are the factors of sociological theory on chronic illness?

Answer 28

Illness work, everyday life work, emotional work, biographical work, identity work

Question 29

What must be done before coping with the social relationships involving chronic illness?

Answer 29

Deal with the physical manifestations of illness

Question 30

List positive self-management interventions

Answer 30

Coping and conditions management skills, aims to reduce hospital admissions, patient centred

Question 31

List negative self-management interventions

Answer 31

Responsibility for care placed on (very ill) patients, real agency and understanding, little evidence of efficiency savings

Question 32

Everyday work: What is coping?

Answer 32

The cognitive processes involved in dealing with illness

Question 33

Everyday work: What is strategic management?

Answer 33

Actions and processes involved in the managing the condition and its impact

Question 34

What is the process of emotional work?

Answer 34

Work that people do to protect the emotional well-being of others Maintaining normal activities becomes deliberately conscious People find friendships disrupted and may strategically withdraw or restrict their social terrain May involve downplaying pain or other symptoms Presenting “cheery self”

Question 35

What biographical work occurs in chronic illness?

Answer 35

Loss of self: former self-image crumbles away without simultaneous development of equally valued new ones

Question 36

What is biographical disruption?

Answer 36

Focuses on people’s experience on the onset of illness as a disruptive event, acknowledges differences between individuals

Question 37

What are three aspects of biographical disruption?

Answer 37

Disruption of taken-for-granted behaviours Disruption in explanatory systems (medical knowledge of disease incomplete) Mobilisation of resources (e.g rearranging personal and community involvements, supportive social network)

Question 38

What are the limits to Bury’s biographical disruption?

Answer 38

Does not deal with conditions from birth, some social groups expect illness more than others, later work has shown that older people may see chronic illness as ‘biographically normal’

Question 39

What does identity work affect?

Answer 39

How people see themselves and how others see them

Question 40

What is Goffman’s theory of social stigma?

Answer 40

A stigma occurs when there is a discrepancy between the two- people are perceived differently to how they feel. Discrepancy spoils social identity.

Question 41

What is the difference between discredited and discreditable stigma?

Answer 41

Discredited- have a stigma that is predominantly visible e.g. physical disability Discreditable- have a stigma that is predominantly concealable e.g. mental illness

Question 42

What is the difference between felt and enacted stigma?

Answer 42

Felt- refers to the shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them seeking help Enacted- refers to the experience of unfair treatment by others e.g. prejudice, discrimination and disadvantage

Question 43

what is illness work?

Answer 43

the period leading up to getting the diagnosis, and/ore dealing with the physical manifestations of illness and how an individual's self-conception changes as a result of living with their condition