S2 Geography- Transport Flashcards
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BULLET_HTML Entity (decimal) • HTML Entity (hex) •Character.getDirectionality() DIRECTIONALITY_OTHER_NEUTRALS [13]
‘Modes of transport’
It refers to the types of transport used to facilitate the movement of people or goods from one place to another
[Variety of transport modes]
Refers to the types of transport used to facilitate the movement of people or goods from one place to another
- Public transport: Owned by the government or Private companies
- Private transport: Owned by individuals
• Different/ unique transport nodes are used to cater to different cities (Geography/ People)
‘Mobility’
Refers to the movement of people and goods from place to place, in a reasonable amount of time and a acceptable cost
[Density of transport networks]
‘Transport Network’ refers to a system of transport routes connecting a set of nodes
‘Node’ refers to a place where network lines in a network cross or join
A ‘Dense’ transport network: Highly developed and well-connected (Easily assessable)
• Number of nodes = Network density
[Quality of transport infrastructure]- Public
- «Capacity»: Move large numbers of people at one time
- «Efficiency»: Frequency of services (Move people quickly)
- «Dependable/ Reliable»: On time/ Few disruptions
- «Safe»: Low rate of accidents/ Presence of safety features
- «Comfortable/ Clean»: A pleasant commute
[Quality of transport infrastructure]- Private (Good)
• Good quality roads
- «Large capacity»: Multiple lanes to cater to traffic
- «Clear road signs»: Well informed motorists/ less accidents
- «Wide and smoothly paved roads»: Smoother traffic
- «Clean environment»: Comfortable commute
‘Traffic congestion’
Where there are more vehicles than the road can handle
Characteristics: • Slow travelling speeds • Long vehicular queues • Longer than usual travelling times • Usually occurs during peak hours (e.g. More prone to accidents)
Concentration of traffic congestion in the city
The central business district (CBD) is the
• Commercial centre where business, financial institutions, etc. are concentrated in the city
• Has to be readily accessible to everyone
• Most well-connected part of the city to cater to high pedestrian and vehicular flow
• Traffic congestion occurs during ‘Peak Hours’ (A part of the day which traffic volume is the highest)
• Peak hours; mornings and night (explain…)
• Roads congested: Those leading to and from the CBD (e.g major expressways) & roads running through the CBD
Causes of traffic congestion in Singapore and other cities
- Separation of work and residential areas
- Movement from one part of the city to another to obtain or provide goods and services
- Inadequate transport infrastructure and poor provision of transport services
Causes of traffic congestion > Separation of work ad residential areas
People need to commute from different parts of the city (Residential) to work.
‘Commute’ means to:
• Travel some distance between one’s home and work
• On a regular basis
- High car ownership = Traffic congestion (More vehicular flow)
↑ [REASONS]
Increased:
• Mobility
• Flexibility
• Convenience
Causes of traffic congestion > Movement from one part of the city to (obtain or provide) (goods and services)
People may need to move about within the city to (Obtain/Provide) goods and services.
- Wider range of goods and services available in the city
▶LORMS◀ Causes of traffic congestion > Movement from one part of the city to (obtain or provide) (goods and services)
Driving to places (Private transport)/ Delivery by freight trucks → Results in traffic congestion (esp. large/ heavy vehicles)
Causes of traffic congestion > Inadequate transport infrastructure and poor provision of transport services
• ‘Inadequate transport infrastructure’ means the city’s transportation facilities are not capable of handling the amount of traffic it receives.
• ‘Transport services’ refer to services provided to move people and goods from one location to another
• Small fleet of public transport
• Unconnected network
• Lack of alternative roads
• Unreliable/ Infrequent
- People may resort to take private transport instead
▶LORMS◀ Causes of traffic congestion > Inadequate transport infrastructure and poor provision of transport services
Inadequate transport infrastructure
- Insufficient lanes on roads
- Lack of network connection (Lack of alternative roads/ Not dense)
Poor provision of transport services (Public)
- Insufficient buses or rail (Infrequent)
- Overcrowding (Low capacity/ Low amounts of vehicles)
Hence, people need to rely on public vehicles for transport
(Example)
Impacts of traffic congestion
[Social] - Reduced productivity - Stress on physical and mental health [Environmental] - Air pollution - Noise pollution
Impacts of traffic congestion > Reduced productivity
‘Productivity’ is the production rate of goods and services
-Involves activities that contribute to the economy
• People could spend time working rather than commuting
• Goods and services could not be delivered on time
Hence, productivity drops.
Impacts of traffic congestion > Stress on physical and mental health
People often experience stress and anxiety when caught in traffic, affecting their physical and mental health
• Long travelling times: Fatigue- Drivers may fall asleep (Increased risk of accidents)
• Exhaust fumes (Environmental) is a serious health hazard
- The particulate matter in the fumes could puncture vital organs, e.g. , causing inflammation
• Mental health: More prone to stress and frustration
- Higher chance of road rage and accidents
Hence, …
Impacts of traffic congestion > Air pollution
• Exhaust from slow/ stationary vehicles contributes to air pollution
• Emits greenhouse gases: Global warming (Trap heat)
• Poor air quality causing smogs
- Leads to difficulty breathing (lung infections, colds, eye irritation, etc.)
- Slows down plant growth
- Tiny pollutant particles may enter soil surfaces, poisoning animals
Impacts of traffic congestion > Noise pollution
• Occurs with harmful and excessive noise that may disrupt human and animal life
• Disrupts daily activities
- Disturb sleep (Psychophysiological effects)
- Annoyance in social behaviour
- Reduce performance
Managing traffic congestion
[Measures] • Making public transport a choice mode - Provision of a public transport system - Adopting bus lane schemes - Expanding train networks - Increasing capacity of buses and trains
• Managing road usage
- Electronic Road Pricing (ERP)
- Increasing parking fees
- Enhancing traffic monitoring (GLIDE)
• Others;
- Telecommuting
- Encouraging cycling
Managing traffic congestion > Making public transport a choice mode
- Public transport has higher capacities than private transport
- Trains run mostly under or above ground: Does not contribute to traffic congestion
Managing traffic congestion > Making public transport a choice mode > [Provision of a public transport system]
It is a public transport seen as a whole, regardless of the modes of transportation.
✓ Benefits:
- More convenient, accessible and efficient
- Allows for quick travel (By different modes)
❌ Challenges:
- Requires extensive planning and costs
(Might not be feasible in some countries)
- Limited land area may restricts pubic transport system
▶EXAMPLES◀ Managing traffic congestion > Making public transport a choice mode > [Provision of a public transport system]
EXAMPLES:
• Integration: TOKYO, JAPAN:
- All modes of public transport uses same contactless smart card for payment
- Speeds up movement of people (Making commuting smooth and convenient)
• Density/ Integration: Singapore
- Six transport hubs with integrated bus interchanges
with rail services/ retail stores
- Improvement of accessibility (Linking platform to roads/ escalators/ speed up transfers to different modes)
- Same EZ-Link
