S2 L8 - Depression and Mood disorders Flashcards
(14 cards)
What are Mono amine oxidase? (MAO)
An enzyme which breaks down mono amine oxidase neurotransmitters
Mono amine oxidase inhibitors stops it working
therefore this leaves more NT in the neuron so more can be released
alleviating depression
PACMAN
eg - Iproniazid
What are some monoamine neurotransmitters?
Monoamines are divided into
Catecholamines:
Norepinephine - noradrenaline
Epinephrine - adrenaline
Dopamine
Indolamines:
Serotonin
Where are monoamine nt s in the brain?
synapses in the cortical microcircuit
cell bodies in raphe nuclei
projections - dorsal and ventral
serotonergic projections
What are tricyclic antidepressants?
Chemical structure includes a 3 ring chain
antidepressant
block reuptake therefore leaving more nt at the synapse
in seortonin synapse or norepinerphrine
What does Ecstasy do? )+(MDMA)
Blocks re-uptake and also reverses reuptake transporter (lots of serotonin in synapse)
Elevates mood but may damage these neurons
What does prozac do?
antidepressant
blocks reuptake leaving more nt at the synapse
its an SSRI (selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor)
How can we treat bi-polar disorder?
Lithium
interferes w second messenger system
What is the monoamine theory of depression?
Anti-depressants act on monoamines
Hypothesis is that depression is caused by a deficit of monoamine neurotransmitters
some evidence of elevated receptors in depressed patients (to compensate for low levels of transmission)
so monoamine neurotransmitters could modulate brain regions involved in emotion and cognition
amygdala - orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus
overactive amygdala in affective disorders
What is becks cognitive triad?
negative view about
oneself
future
world
What is learned helplessness by Seligman
dog in box w barrier
tone (a sound) indicates a shock
dog must jump over barrier to avoid shock
after dog been in condition where they cant escape the shock (tethered or high barrier)
they no longer jump to the no shock zone
What is Seligman’s Attributional model?
Attributions of negative events
3 dimensions are
Internal (personal i am i lack ) vs External (environmental blame env)
Global vs Specific
Stable vs Unstable
if negative events are interpreted as internal, global and stable, this could lead to depression
What are the symptoms of depression?
Cognitive - Difficulty with concentration or making decisions
Behavioural - Social withdrawal and agitation
Somatic (Physical) - Insomnia (sleeping or not sleeping enough) or hypersomnia (sleeping too much)
Affective (mood) - Depressed mood and feelings of worthlessness or guilt
What are the 2 subtypes of depression?
Unipolar affective disorder - depression - 5-17% incidence
moderately heritable
Bipolar affective disorder - depression with periods of mania (energetic, impulsive, positive, very confident)
1% incidence
highly heritable
