S3- Nutrition, Diet & Body Weight

Question 1

CARBOHYDRATES

A) General Formula
B) What groups do they contain?
C) What is the difference between monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides?
D) List examples of some of the major dietary carbohydrates

Answer 1

A) (CH2O)n

B) Aldehyde (-C=OH) or Keto (-C=O) and multiple -OH groups

C) Mono- single sugar unit (3-9 c atoms), Di- 2 units, oligosaccharides (3-12 units) e.g. dextrins and poly (10-1000s units)

D)

• Starch ( carb storage in plants polymer of glucose)
• sucrose (Glucose-fructose disaccharide)
• Lactose (Glucose-galactose disaccharide)
• Fructose (monosaccharide)
• Glucose
• Maltose (Glucose-glucose disaccharide)
• Glycogen (carb storage in animals , polymer of glucose)

Question 2

Mnemonic to remember the 9 Essential Amino acids

Answer 2

If: Isoleucine 
Learned: Lysine
THis: Threonine 
Huge: Histidine 
List: leucine 
May: Methionine 
Prove: Phenylalanine 
TRuly: Tryptophan 
Valuable: Valine

Question 3

A) What is an essential amino acid?

B) What does it mean if an amino acid is conditionally essential?

Answer 3

A) Cannot be synthesised in the body and must be obtained from the diet

B) Needed in individuals who have a high rate of protein synthesis e.g. children and pregnant women.
They are: CAT —> Cysteine, arginine and tyrosine

Question 4

A) Why are minerals important?

B) Give examples of some that are important

Answer 4

A) electrolytes establish ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance
E.g. Na,K,Cl

B)

• Calcium and Phosphorus: essential for structure e.g bones and teeth
• Calcium: signalling molecule
• Enzyme co-factors (Fe, Mg, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn)
• Iron: essential component of Haemoglobin

Question 5

A) What is obesity?
B) How is it measured?
C) Cause?
D) What can it lead to?

Answer 5

A) Excessive fat accumulation in adipose tissue which impairs health
B) BMI >30
C) Energy intake exceeding energy expenditure over a period of years
D) increased risk of cancers, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes

Question 6

FORMULA FOR BODY MASS INDEX

What do you have to ensure when measuring

Answer 6

BMI= Weight (kg)/ (Height)^2 (m^2)

• without shoes and minimal clothing

Question 7

BMI TABLE!!!!!

Answer 7

XXX

Question 8

a) Why can BMI be a bad measurement of a patients weight?

B) What would you use as an alternative?

Answer 8

A) very muscular individuals who may be wrongly classified as obese

B) Waist/hip ratio

Question 9

What does body fat distribution show?

Answer 9

Greater proportion of fat in the upper body (especially abdomen) compared with the hips is associated with increased risk of:

• insulin resistance
• hyperinsulinism
• type 2 diabetes
• hypertension
• hyperlipidaemia
• stroke
• premature death