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S4 Topic Tests 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process by which new cells are made

A

Cell division

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2
Q

What are some uses of cell division

A

. Growth of multicellular organisms
. Repair of multicellular organisms
. Asexual reproduction of unicellular organisms

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3
Q

What is stage 1 of mitosis

A

The chromosomes begin to coil up and condense

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4
Q

What is stage 2 of mitosis

A

The chromosomes now appear as chromatids held together in the middle by a centromere

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5
Q

What is stage 3 of mitosis

A

The nucleus membrane breaks down a dm the chromosomes now line up on the equator of the cell

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6
Q

What is stage 4 of mitosis

A

Spindle fibres form and separate the chromosomes into chromatids and drag them to opposite poles of the cell

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7
Q

What is stage 5 of mitosis

A

The nucleus membrane now reforms around each daughter cell as well as the separated cell wall

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8
Q

What is the chromosome complement

A

Chromosome complement is when no chromosomes are lost meaning no genetic information is lost. Mitosis maintains the chromosome complement

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9
Q

What is a diploid cell

A

A cell with two sets of genetic information

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10
Q

What is a haploid cell

A

A cell with one set of genetic information

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11
Q

What are stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells that can turn into any cell in the body

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12
Q

What are the two reasons stem cells divide

A

Self renewal

Reproduction

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13
Q

What are the two types of stem cell

A

Embryonic

Tissue

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14
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

Ones which can produce all the cells in your body regardless of what type they already are

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15
Q

What are tissue stem cells

A

Ones which can only make cells that are similar to themselves. E.g. blood stem cells can only make other cells that are in blood

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16
Q

What are some ethical issues with stem cells

A

Destroys embryos which are a potential for life

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17
Q

What are the details of a red blood cell

A

Bi-concave shape
Increased surface area- more space for oxygen
Contains haemoglobin to carry oxygen
No nucleus- more space for oxygen

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18
Q

What are the details of a root hair cell

A

Large surface area to allow more water and nutrients to be absorbed

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19
Q

What is the order of organisation in a body’s

A

Cell-> tissue->organ-> organ system- organism

Tissues are groups of cells
Organs are groups of tissues
Organ systems are groups of organs
Organisms are groups of organ systems

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system

A

To respond to changes very quickly

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21
Q

What does the nervous system consist of

A

CNS

Other nerves

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22
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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23
Q

What are nerouns

A

Specialised nerves which carry information through electrical impulses

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24
Q

What is a gap in between two neutrons called

A

A synapse

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25
What are the three main types of neutron
Sensory Inter Motor
26
What does the (1) sensory (2) inter (3) motor neurone do
(1) carries impulses from receptors to the CNS (2) transmits electrical impulses to motor neuron (3) carries impulses from CNS to effectors
27
How do impulses travel across synapses
Through diffusion which triggers the impulse to start again on the other side
28
What is the function of the cerebrum and where is it located
Controls memory, personality and conscious thought and is located in the top of the Brian
29
What is the function of the cerebellum and where is it located
Controls balance and coordination and is located in the bottom right of the brain
30
What is the function of the medulla and where is it located
Controls heart and breathing rate and is located at the bottom of the brain
31
REVISE REFLEX ARC DIAGRAM
NOW
32
Functions of a reflex arc
Protect the body from harm
33
What are hormones
Chemical messenger in the bloodstream
34
Revise hormone diagram
Now
35
Revise blood glucose diagram
Now
36
What is type 1 diabetes
No insulin produced therefor edit must be injected
37
What is type 2 diabetes
Cells don’t respond to insulin therefore diet must be controlled and exercise often
38
What are body cells
Diploid apart from the sex cells
39
What do animal males produce as their gamete
Sperm cells
40
What do animal females produce as their gametes
Egg cells or ova
41
What are the details of a sperm cell
23 chromosome Around 0.06 millimetres long Has a long tail for movement and a neck full of mitochondria to produce energy for movement Head containing nucleus
42
What are the details of an egg cell
23 chromosome Around 0.1 millimetres wife Has a cell membrane and nucleus as well as a jelly layer to only allow one sperm in
43
Where are egg cells and sperm cells produced
Ovaries and testes
44
Revise diagram of female and male reproductive organs
Now
45
What is the male gamete in plant cells
Pollen grains
46
What is the female gamete in plant cells
Ovule
47
Where are pollen and ovule cells produced on plants
Anther and ovary
48
What happens during fertilisation
The two nuclei of the haploid gametes fuse to form a zygote
49
What is variation
Differences between member so free same species
50
What are the two types of variation
Continuous and discrete
51
What is continuous variation
A characteristic that can give an unlimited number of answers Such as height Represented by a histogram
52
What is discrete variation
A characteristic that falls into certain categories for instance blood type Represented by a bar chart
53
What is a phenotype
What an organism actually looks like
54
What is a genotype
The allele sequence of an organism
55
What is an allele
Different variants of a gene
56
What is fertilisation
A random process
57
Do some inheritance problems
Now
58
What is a dominant allele
The allele that appears most often
59
What is a recessive allele
One that skips out generations
60
If a phenotype is dominant it has a ... letter
Capital
61
If a phenotype I recessive it has a ... letter
Lower case
62
The predicted ratio of an f2 generation is
3:1

Biology (9 decks)

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