S4.2.1 Glossary

Question 1

aerobic respiration

Answer 1

Chemical reaction that releases energy, using oxygen as a reactant

Question 2

adrenaline

Answer 2

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands which causes the “fight or flight” response

Question 3

alveoli

Answer 3

Small air sacs in the lungs which increase its surface area

Question 4

amino acids

Answer 4

The monomer of proteins

Question 5

amylase

Answer 5

Enzyme which breaks down starch into glucose

Question 6

anaerobic respiration

Answer 6

Chemical reaction that releases energy, without using oxygen as a reactant

Question 7

aorta

Answer 7

The artery which carries blood away from the heart, towards the body

Question 8

arteries

Answer 8

Blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart

Question 9

benedict’s solution

Answer 9

The reagent which tests for sugar, changes from blue to green, yellow, orange to brick red

Question 10

biuret solution

Answer 10

The reagent which tests for protein, changes from blue to lilac

Question 11

blood supply

Answer 11

Flow or movement of blood through the body

Question 12

carbohydrates

Answer 12

Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, e.g. starch and glucose

Question 13

carbon dioxide

Answer 13

One of the waste products of aerobic respiration

Question 14

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 14

Made up of the brain and spinal cord, responsible for reacting to stimuli in our environment

Question 15

circulatory system

Answer 15

Made up of the heart and all of the blood vessels, responsible for the movement of blood around the body

Question 16

digestion

Answer 16

The process of breaking down large insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules

Question 17

effectors

Answer 17

Muscles or glands which produce a response

Question 18

energy

Answer 18

Released or absorbed by chemical reactions

Question 19

enzymes

Answer 19

Biological catalyst

Question 20

ethanol

Answer 20

The reagent which tests for lipids/fat, changes from clear to cloudy

Question 21

exchange surfaces

Answer 21

A surface across which substances are exchanged, e.g. alveoli, small intestines, leaves

Question 22

exothermic

Answer 22

A reaction which releases energy, usually as heat

Question 23

fatty acid

Answer 23

A molecule which makes up lipids (fats)

Question 24

gas exchange

Answer 24

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, e.g. in the alveoli or leaves

Question 25

gland

Answer 25

Produces hormones

Question 26

glucose

Answer 26

The monomer of starch

Question 27

glycerol

Answer 27

A molecule which makes up lipids (fats)

Question 28

heart

Answer 28

Organ which pumps blood around the body

Question 29

iodine

Answer 29

The reagent used to test for starch, changes from orange-brown to blue-black

Question 30

kidneys

Answer 30

Organs which filter blood to produce urine

Question 31

lactic acid

Answer 31

Waste product of anaerobic respiration

Question 32

left ventricle

Answer 32

The bottom chamber of the left side of the heart which pumps blood to the body

Question 33

lipase

Answer 33

Enzyme which breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 34

lipids

Answer 34

Also known as fats

Question 35

liver

Answer 35

Organ which removes toxins from the blood

Question 36

membrane

Answer 36

A thin layer of cells which acts as a boundary or barrier in the body

Question 37

motor neurone

Answer 37

Nerve cells which carry electrical impulses from the CNS to the effector

Question 38

multicellular organism

Answer 38

Organism made of more than one cell

Question 39

muscles

Answer 39

Tissue which can contract or relax to enable movement

Question 40

negative feedback

Answer 40

If there is a change within a system, the system acts to reverse that change

Question 41

neurones

Answer 41

Nerve cells which carry electrical impulses around the body

Question 42

oxygen

Answer 42

Molecule which acts as a reactant for aerobic respiration

Question 43

oxygen debt

Answer 43

The amount of oxygen needed to break down the built up lactic acid in the muscles

Question 44

pacemaker

Answer 44

Cells which regulate heartbeat

Question 45

pituitary gland

Answer 45

The master gland, produces hormones which act on other glands

Question 46

plasma

Answer 46

Liquid part of the blood which carries dissolved substances

Question 47

platelets

Answer 47

Small fragments of cells which help the blood to clot

Question 48

protease

Answer 48

Enzyme which breaks down protein into amino acids

Question 49

proteins

Answer 49

Polymers made of amino acids

Question 50

pulmonary artery

Answer 50

The artery which carries blood away from the heart, towards the lungs

Question 51

pulmonary vein

Answer 51

The vein which carries blood into the heart, from the lungs

Question 52

receptor

Answer 52

Something which detects a stimulus

Question 53

red blood cells

Answer 53

Cells which carry oxygen around the body

Question 54

relay neurones

Answer 54

Nerve cells which carry electrical impulses within the CNS

Question 55

response

Answer 55

What the body does when it detects a stimulus

Question 56

right ventricle

Answer 56

The bottom chamber of the right side of the heart which pumps blood to the lungs

Question 57

sensory neurones

Answer 57

Nerve cells which carry electrical impulses from the receptor to the CNS

Question 58

starch

Answer 58

A polymer made of glucose

Question 59

stimulus

Answer 59

A change in the environment

Question 60

Sudan III

Answer 60

The reagent which tests for lipids/fat, produces a red layer

Question 61

surface area

Answer 61

The area of a surface which is exposed

Question 62

surface area: volume ratio

Answer 62

The ratio of surface area to volume

Question 63

synapse

Answer 63

The gap between two neurones

Question 64

thyroxine

Answer 64

Hormone produced by the thyroid which regulates metabolism and body temperature

Question 65

trachea

Answer 65

Also called the windpipe, connects the mouth and nose to the lungs

Question 66

urea

Answer 66

A waste product produced by cells, excreted in the urine

Question 67

valves

Answer 67

Prevent backflow of blood in blood vessels and heart

Question 68

veins

Answer 68

Blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart

Question 69

vena cava

Answer 69

Vein which carries blood into the heart, from the body

Question 70

water

Answer 70

One of the waste products of aerobic respiration

Question 71

white blood cells

Answer 71

Part of the immune system which protects us against pathogens