S6(4) Topic 02 (Semester 2) - Development and Globalisation Flashcards
These keywords are a useful review tool for the S6(4) Geography test in the 2nd semester. Please remember to suggest corrections or additions where necessary. (141 cards)
1
Q
Development
A
In Geography, development refers to the process of change in a country that improves the quality of life for its people. It’s not just about getting richer (economic growth), but also includes improvements in social factors (like education and health) and political factors.
Think of it as a country progressing or moving forward in various ways to make life better for its citizens. However, as the syllabus highlights in the theme “The complexity of a global world: a world with inequalities,” this process is uneven across the globe, leading to differences between countries.
2
Q
Economic growth
A
Increase in the size of a country’s economy over a period of time (e.g. GDP)
How about per Capita?
How about with PPP?
How about alternative economic indicators?
How about social indicators
3
Q
Quality of life
A
An individual’s perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns”.
4
Q
Sustainability
A
The ability to maintain or support a process over time without impacting the ability of a future generation to do the same.
5
Q
Poverty
A
The state of being extremely poor, the state of being inferior in quality or insufficient in amount. It means lacking the basic capacity to participate effectively in society.
It includes not having enough to feed and clothe a family, or access to basic necessities like a school, clinic, land to grow food, a job, or credit.
6
Q
North South divide (Global north and south)
A
The extreme difference in wealth between the rich (Northern) countries of the world and the poorer countries of the South. Marked by the Brandt line.
7
Q
Developing country, LIC, LEDC, LDC
A
A poor agricultural country that is seeking to become more advanced economically and socially
Low Income Country
Less Economically Developed Country
Least Developed Country
8
Q
LEDC
A
Less economically developed country
Also referred to as developing economies.
Also referred to as LICs (Low Income Countries).
9
Q
MEDC
A
More Economically Developed Country
Also referred to as industrialised economies.
Also referred to as LICs (Low Income Countries).
10
Q
LDC
A
Least Developed Countries. Recent thresholds for inclusion have been around $1,088 USD or less GNI per capita. Reports indicate that LDCs are home to a large percentage of the world’s extreme poor (those living on less than $2.15 a day).
11
Q
NIC
A
Newly Industrialized Countries
Industrialised following world war II.
Also referred to as emerging economies.
Also referred to as MICs (Middle Income Countries).
12
Q
RIC
A
Recently Industrialied Countries
Industrialised more recently than NICs (hence the name) in the 1980s and 1990s.
Also referred to as emerging economies.
Also referred to as MICs (Middle Income Countries).
13
Q
OPEC
A
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
14
Q
Fourth world
A
The most underdeveloped populations in a country that lives on their own (indigenous peoples). In addition to the country groupings of 1st (Capitalist), 2nd (Communist) and 3rd (Developing) world.
15
Q
Quantitative indicators
A
Measure the value (numerical quantification) of something.
16
Q
Qualitative indicators
A
Try to measure values and attributes which cannot be easily measured or quantified, e.g Happiness.
17
Q
Life expectancy
A
How long people are expected to live
18
Q
Average years of school
A
average number of years that students attend school in a country
19
Q
Literacy rate
A
How many people can read an write
20
Q
GNP
A
Gross National Product is the total economic output by a country`s residents and companies (Nationals)
21
Q
HDI
A
Human Development Index is an index that shows three elements of development combined (health (life expectancy), education (average years of schooling) and standard of living( GNI per Capita PPP)
VH HDI > 0.8
H HDI > 0.7
M HDI > 0.55
L HDI < 0.55
22
Q
Gross National Happiness
A
GNH is different to HDI. Both are an Index (a combination of indicators that try to represent a country in a number of perspectives)
23
Q
GDP
A
Gross domestic product is in borders, measures national income, output, and national coast. GDP also includes income of international. High GDP = economic growth, Low GDP = economic decline
24
Q
GNP
A
Gross National Product - produced by the nationals of a country, whether they work within the country’s borders or abroad
25
GNI
Gross national income, measures the total income earned by a countrys residents, including both domestic production and income earned above.
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PPP
Purchasing Power Parity,used to compare the relative value of currencies by eliminating the difference in price levels between countries
27
Big Mac index
Compares the currencies with comparing how much a Bic Mac costs in different countries, is based on the PPP method
28
Factors affecting development
There are different factors for example: Economical, Cultural, Social, Political, Environmental, International factors
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Domestic
Refers to factors, activities, or conditions that originate within a particular country
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National
The people of a country, with reference to GNP, refers to the total value of goods and services produced by the nationals of a country.
31
Model
A perfect example of an action explained or demonstrated to understand e.g. Rostow Model
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Triggers for development
Trade policies, technological changes, government, international aid, resource discovery
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Dependency theory
Poorer contries remain underdeveloped -> economically dependence exploitation
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Modernisation theory
Progress from traditional to modern in stages (technology, values)
35
Rostow Model
A model which shows the level of development over time in 5 steps (traditional society, preconditions for take off, Take off, Drive to maturity, Age of high mass consumption
36
Causes of under development
Physical factors that cause barriers or challenges to development
e.g. extreme climate, land-locked nation
Human factors
e.g. disease, exploitation, war/conflict,
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Neocolonialism
The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.
38
SDG
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
39
SDG progress
Yet, only 15% of the SDG targets are on track to be achieved, 49% show minimal or moderate progress, and 36% of the targets show signs of stagnation or regression.
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Problems with economic data
Economic data cannot always reflect the overall development situation of a country, it just shows one snap shot.
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HDI
Human Development Index: Gives a country a value between o (bad, low) and 1 (good, high). It focusses on long and healthy life, knowledge and decent standards of living
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Criticisms of HDI
Like any league table (football) there has to be someone at the top and someone at the bottom (no matter how good they are)
43
Indicator
A tool that looks at one single factor to evaluate change over time or compare it to others
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Index
An Index is a measurement made out of different indicators.
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Low HDI
Low Human Development Index (less than 0.55)
46
GNI per capita
Gross national Income, it`s the sum of value by resident producers and receipts of primary income
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Health
The position of being free of Injuries or any illness issues. Often an area of development where inequalities exist, e.g differences in health by age, gender, or related to specific diseases or infections (e.g HIV and Malaria).
48
Health and economic impacts (flow chart)
Investing in health improves the health status, which leads to enhanced labour productivity, improved international attainment, increased savings and investment and a lower dependency ratio, which atuomatically leads to improved economic growth and a lower demographic dividend. Investing in health can improve development in a country.
49
Investment
The money which flows into different products or projects in order to achieve better and faster production and gaining profits
50
Demographic dividend
If the health of a nation improves, then so does life expectancy and infant mortality - therefore people do not need to have such large families. This is the demographic divident.
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Disparity
The unequal distribution of resources or outcomes of production in specific areas.
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Inequality
People which do experience different kinds of standards of living
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Ugandan Warigi problem
the proble that many ugnadans have with alcohol, especially warigi a local gin, in some households half the selley is spend on gin
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Health care as a human right
every human has the right to primary healthcare
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Warigi
Self-brewed moonshine gin from Uganda
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Scale of HIV/AIDS pandemic
Every hour 50 young women are infected with HIV. 28.6m people are in need of HIV treatment. IV drug use increases risk of infection 22 times.
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HIV
the virus that causes the disease AIDS
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AIDS
the disease causeed by the HIV virus
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CD4
A person with HIV is considered to have progressed to AIDS when: the number of their CD4 cells falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter of blood (200 cells/mm3). (In someone with a healthy immune system, CD4 counts are between 500 and 1,600 cells/mm3.)
60
ARTs
Medication given to infected people. It supresses the replication of the HIV Virus and helps the Immune System to recover
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PrEP
"Pre Exposure Prophylaxis": Given to people before possible contamination. It reduces the risk of infection
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PEP
"Post Exposure Prophylaxis": Given to People within 72 hours of the exposure to HIV-infected people. It makes the body unable to host the virus
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Vulnerability
How easy something can be damaged
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Societal causes
a cause by society which also impacts multiple people
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Social impacts
Impacts on the whole society
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Personal/individual causes
A cause by an individual which impacts more people
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Personal/individual impacts
How a decision impacts yourself/a individual perosn
68
Health and development?
development is the continually evolving state of well-being involving living, working and recreation
69
Malaria
A life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes
70
Popualtion at risk of Malaria
The total population living in areas where malaria is endemic: infants, children under 5, pregnant women, travelers and people with HIV or AIDs are at higher risk of severe infection
71
Malaria transmission cycle
Malaria spreads when a mosquito becomes infected with the disease after biting an infected person, and the infected mosquito then bites a noninfected person. The malaria parasites enter that persons bloodstream and travel to the liver. When the parasites mature they leave the liver and infect red blood cells
72
Anopheles mosquito
Mosquito that spreads Malaria
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Vector / Carrier
A vector is a carrier of a disease
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Parasite (Protozoa)
Protozoa are one-celled animals found worldwide in most habitats, a parasite is an animal or plant that gets nutrients by living on or in an organism of another species
75
Physical barriers to Malaria
Physical barriers against Malaria include: Use of mosquito nets, wearing long clothing, putting screens over windows and doors, staying away from stagnant water or drain it away, cover cracks in walls and the floor with building paper
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Biological barriers to Malaria
Genetic engineering/ Fungi to kill mosquito larves/use natural predators
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Chemical barriers to Malaria
Mosquito Spray / Insecticides / Paris Green
(Vaccination and medication would count as biological barriers)
78
Paris Green
A pesticide
79
Appropriate solutions (to malaria)
Problem with nets: a small hole can become a huge problem.
Education is always a good start, think about how to protect yourself and get rid of the anopehes mosquito (physical, biological and chemical barriers --> a combination of all three should work best)
80
Mechanisms of colonial control
Army and military control/ethnic cleaning /Media /economy/create government
81
Colonialism
When one country exploits or takes over another country using various methods (mechanisms)
82
Decolonisation
When the colonies gain independency and become an own country
83
Decolonisation causes of conflict
Because colonial borders did not match religious or ethnic borders / because the indigenous people lacked experience in leading a government /insurgents pushed out colonial powers violently
84
Neo-colonialism
Neo-Colonialism is a form of indirect control over developing countries, often former colonies
Direct political control decreases while economic control increases
85
Methods of neo-colonial control
Trade, aid and debt
86
Trade
The exchange of goods and services and capital between countries, territories and individuals (a form of neo-colonial control)
87
Aid
The financial, technical or humanitarian assistance often provided by one country to another (a form of neo-colonial control)
88
Debt
The amount of money borred by one party from another (a form of neo-colonial control)
89
HIPC
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries
90
Income inequality (disparity)
The uneven distribution of income within a population
91
Development gap
The disparity in levles of economic development, quality of life and general well being of a society (LEDCs- MEDCs)
92
NGOs
Non governmental organizations: independent from government and topically non profit entities
93
Aid (tied/untied)
Is an assistance offered from one party to another (in this case between nations). Tied: somethings expected in return , Untied: nothing expected in return
94
FDI
A type of cross-border investment, with the aim to gain influence over the factories and their decisionmaking
95
Microfinance
Small loans for individuals in LEDC's with low to zero(by charitable donations) interest rates
96
Appropriate (intermediate) technology
(Simple, Sustainable and self-sufficient) Technology being transfers form rich to poor counties
97
Free and Fair trade
Free trade: emphasizes minimal restrictions aiming to reduce tariffs, quotas and other trade regulations
Fair trade: focusses on sustainability, good treatment of workers and fair pricing for producers
98
Debt relief
Campaign to try to persuade the MEDCs to cancel the debt or freeze the intestest rates
99
Inequality (disparity)
A difference in treatment or level
100
Types of inequality (disparity)
Gender, sexuality, nationality, religion, income, age, health…
101
Lorenz curve
Reprsents the distribution of income; it expresses the relationship between cumulative & of households & cumulative % of income
102
Gini coefficient
Measures the degree of inequality in the distirbution of something
103
Palma ratio
Compares the income or wealth share of the top 10% to the bottom 40% of the population
104
Globalisation
Increasing connectedness and interdependence of world cultures and economies
105
Interdependence
Two or more tthings depending on each other
106
Globalisation and distance
Through advanced technology, shipping and communication is easier. Distance keeps becoming smaller of a barrier over time.
107
Globalisation and space
The world becomes more homogeneous in terms of music, cuisine and culture.
108
Globalisation and time
Time looses significance in terms of communication and travel because of advanced technology
109
Elements of globalisation
Globalisation includes technological, political, environmental, economic and cultural elements
110
Technological globalisation
Advanced technology permits us to have instant communication, faster global transactions and start online businesses. Additionally, one can now work from home (home office). Tech companies like Google, Apple, Amazon are the most active in this type of globalisation.
111
Political globalisation
Through political globalisation politics move beyond the centrality of the nation state and there is the formation of international organisations like the EU or the NATO. There might now also be transnational political movements for the environment or human rights.
112
Environmental globalisation
This is any way in which a country could have an influence on the environment of another country, with or without it being the country's own fault. This could include pollution, cloud seeding, resource depletion or natural causes like volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.
113
Economic globalisation
When countries become more connected through things like trade,investment,sharng ideas, making the world's economy more interdepedent and interconnected .
114
Cultural globalisation
carrying on the ideas ,meanings,values around the world to extend and intensify social relations. This processed is
115
Trade
is the exchange of any good or services
116
International trade
voluntary exchange of goods or services between/among different countries ( if the transcations occurs a cross border )
117
History of international trade
trade was local -> trade becomes international (eg. Silk road) - trade was affected by empires and colonialism
118
Basis of international trade
resources ( are unevenly distrubuted , cause of differnces in the physical makeup e.g. Geology,relief soil climate ) physical ( lowland have greater agricultural potential , mountains atract tourist and promote tourism ...) climate ( influences the type of flora &fauna hat can survive in given region ,diversity in the range of varoius products e.g wool in cold regions , tropicla = bananas ,rubber,cocoa )
119
TNCs
Transnational corporations/companies. Companies that produced a product using a global supply chain, however they operate from a de-centralised position (without one single headquarters), but with regional divisions and more localised decision-making. As a result they do not have a single strong home-country presence. e.g Nestle.
120
MNCs
Multinational corporations/companies. Companies that produced a product using a global supply chain, however they operate from a centralised position and have a very strong home-country presence. E.g Starbucks
121
Reasons for the internationalisation of global companies, e.g. TNCs and MNCs.
- to reach new markets
- to take advantage of cheaper labour or relaxed labour laws
- to reduce risk
- to gain tax benefits
- to operate inside local trade barriers (e.g. tariffs)
122
China, TNCs and Gambia
TNC's are not beneficial for everyone, in China TNC's help make the country richer because of investment, but Gambia gets poorer because it creates further financial leakages (money that leaves the Gambian economy) because money flows back to other countries. This represents a form of neo-colonialism.
123
Inequalities
When something is not equal, for example in status, rights, and opportunities.
Vertical inequalities - looks within an entire population. Horizontal inequalities - look across different social groups, e.g age or gender.
We may see inequalities in health, e.g Malaria and HIV and its impacts on development.
124
Criticism of HDI
Data from LICs/LEDCs can still be unreliable. It is still just a way to rank things at the end of the day. It does not show inequality within a country, just between countries.
However, it is used widely so there is lots of data. It does not only look at economic measures. Higher HDI may result in greater investment in infrastructure.
125
Social development indicators
Measure the progress of people. Examples include, literacy rate, life expectancy or number of patients per doctor.
126
Economic development indicators
Measure the progress of the economy. Examples include, GDP per capita PPP, GDP growth rate, Inflation.
127
Environmental development indicators
Measure the progress of protect the environment. Examples include, CO2 emissions per person, Kilometres of high speed rail line, % land area with forest.
128
Causes of underdevelopment
Triggers that may cause a country to be less developed:
HIV (Social)
Malaria (Social/Environmental)
Corruption (Political)
129
Core and Periphery
One way to classify development. Closely related to dependency theory. Core countries produce and acquire wealth through the exploitation of raw materials which they import from the periphery. An advanced version of this theory suggests that there are semi-periphery countries too, "situated" economically speaking between the core and periphery.
130
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th World
A method of classifying countries. Somewhat outdated now, although originally based on the capitalist (1st world), communist (2nd world) and developing (3rd world). The 4th world represents indigenous populations who live inside one of the other worlds but experience a different level of development.
131
Modernistation theory
Modernisation theory is a geographical and sociological perspective that explains how countries develop. It suggests that societies follow a similar path, moving in a linear progression from a "traditional" stage to a "modern," developed stage.
132
Rostow Model
Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth, developed by W.W. Rostow, is a model that proposes that countries pass through five sequential stages in their development from a traditional society to a modern, mass-consuming one. It's essentially a blueprint or a roadmap that Modernisation theory suggested countries could follow.
133
Economic policy measures (solutions to development)
In the context of development geography, Economic policy measures (solutions to development) refer to the various strategies, plans, and actions taken by governments, international organisations, and other actors to promote economic growth, reduce poverty, and improve living standards in countries.
**Aid:** This involves the transfer of resources (money, goods, technical assistance) from more developed countries or international organizations to less developed countries. A significant type of aid is Official Development Assistance (ODA), which is provided by government agencies. Aid can be used to fund infrastructure projects, support healthcare and education, provide emergency relief, or help implement development programs.
**Microfinance:** The syllabus mentions "micro-credit," which is a key part of microfinance. Microfinance involves providing small loans, savings accounts, and other financial services to poor people who traditionally lack access to banking services. These small loans can help individuals start or expand small businesses, increase their income, and improve their livelihoods, empowering them economically.
**Fairtrade:** This is a trading partnership that aims for greater equity in international trade. Fairtrade focuses on ensuring that producers in developing countries, particularly farmers and artisans, receive fair prices for their products. It also often includes better working conditions and local sustainability. By connecting consumers directly to producers and ensuring a larger share of the final price goes back to the producers, Fairtrade seeks to address some of the inequalities in global trade and contribute to more sustainable development for communities.
134
Social policy measures (solutions to development)
Based on the syllabus's focus on understanding underdevelopment and approaches to solutions (including education, equality, and cultural factors), **Social policy measures** in the context of development are actions and programs implemented by governments, organizations, and communities to improve the well-being, capabilities, and social equity of a population. They aim to address the non-economic aspects of underdevelopment and complement economic strategies.
These measures often focus on:
* **Improving human capital:** Investing in people's health, education, and skills.
* **Enhancing social equity and inclusion:** Addressing inequalities based on gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, and other factors.
* **Strengthening social safety nets:** Providing support for vulnerable populations.
* **Promoting human rights and dignity:** Ensuring all individuals have their basic rights respected.
Here's how the examples you provided fit into this:
* **Empowering Indigenous Women:** This is a crucial social policy measure that addresses historical and ongoing marginalization. Empowering indigenous women through access to education, healthcare, land rights, and participation in decision-making processes can lead to improved health outcomes for families, increased economic opportunities, preservation of cultural knowledge, and stronger community resilience. It tackles inequality based on both gender and indigenous identity, unlocking human potential that was previously held back.
* **Educating Girls in Morocco:** Focusing on educating girls is a well-established social policy measure with significant development impacts. Educated girls are more likely to marry later, have healthier children, earn higher incomes, and reinvest in their families and communities. In Morocco, like in many parts of the world, improving girls' access to and completion of education addresses gender inequality and contributes to a more skilled workforce, better health indicators, and reduced poverty in the long run.
* **LGBTQI+ Rights:** Protecting and promoting the rights of LGBTQI+ individuals is an increasingly recognized social policy measure for inclusive development. Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity can lead to social exclusion, limited access to education and healthcare, and economic marginalization. Upholding LGBTQI+ rights helps to ensure that all members of society can participate fully and equally in social, economic, and political life, contributing their talents and potential to the development of their country and fostering a more just and equitable society.
In essence, social policy measures recognize that development is about more than just economic growth; it's also about creating a society where all individuals have the opportunity to live healthy, educated, and dignified lives, free from discrimination and with the ability to participate fully.
135
Actors of globalisation
Anyone with a role in or affected by globalisation:
Transnational Corporations (TNCs) / Multinational Corporations (MNCs)
States (National Governments)
International Organizations (e.g., WTO, IMF, World Bank, UN)
Regional Blocs (e.g., European Union)
Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
Individuals and Consumers
Global cities
136
Types of globally acrtive companies
MNCs
Global Companies
TNCs
137
Differences between types of globally active companies
There are differences in the level of glocalisation, standardisation and location of decision making. (See specialised card)
138
Alternatives to globalisation
Movements instead of or opposing globalisation, e.g. AGM, Far-right groups, Slow food, Eritrea.
139
Demographic dividend
Increased Confidence in Survival: In countries where many babies and young children used to die, parents often had many children to increase the chances that at least a few would survive to adulthood. When healthcare improves and fewer children die, parents become more confident that the children they do have will survive.
Changing Family Size Goals: Because parents are more confident their children will live, they may feel less need to have a large number of births to reach their desired family size. They might choose to have fewer children overall.
Investment in Fewer Children: With fewer children, families can often invest more resources (like money, time, and energy) in each child's health and education. This leads to a healthier and better-educated future workforce.
Lower Dependency Ratio: The trend of having fewer children means that, over time, the proportion of young people (dependents) in the population decreases relative to the number of working-age adults.
140
Underdevelopment
A country experiencing less development than it could or than its neighbours. There are many causes for underdevelopment (see specific card), e.g. extreme climate or disease.
141
Holistic view
A view that takes in to consideration everything (the big picture), e.g. something that looks at social, economic and environmental concerns is holistic, not simply one aspect.
