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S7) The Nervous System Flashcards

(21 cards)

1
Q

Describe the basic layout of the nervous system

A
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2
Q

Which nerve roots do the sensory and motor neurons accompany?

A
  • Sensory neuron accompanies dorsal nerve root
  • Motor neuron accompanies ventral nerve root
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3
Q

What are fascicles?

A

Fascicles are bundles of nerve fibres

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4
Q

Describe the arrangement of connective tissues in the nerves of the body

A
  • Groups of fascicles are held together by the epineurium
  • Individual fascicles are surrounded by the perineurium
  • Individual nerve fibres are surrounded bu the endoneurium
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5
Q

What are the two types of cells in the nervous system?

A
  • Neurones
  • Glial cells
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6
Q

Identify the 2 types of glial cells in the body

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Schwann cells
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7
Q

Distinguish between a Schwann cell and an oligodendrocyte in terms of myelination and location

A
  • Oligodendrocytes can myelinate many axons and are found in the CNS
  • Schwann cells can only myelinate one axon and are found in the PNS
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8
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A
  • Extend processes out towards synapses and ‘ vacuum ‘ up any excess neurotransmitters
  • Produce changes in the brain cells to create a blood/brain barrier, preventing toxins/bacteria/pathogens getting from the blood to the brain
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9
Q

What are microglia cells ?

A

Microglia cells are mobile immune cells of the CNS

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10
Q

What do microglia cells do?

A
  • Microglia cells have constantly moving processes that are constantly looking for pathogens and antigens
  • When found they will develop into macrophages
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11
Q

Where are the autonomic preganglionic neurone cell bodies found in the CNS?

A

Sympathetic – lateral horn in T1-L2 cord segments

Parasympathetic – S2-S4 cord segments and brainstem

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12
Q

Describe the 4 different ways preganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system can be distributed

A
  • Ascend the chain then synapse (typically to supply the head and neck)
  • Synapse at the level of entry (to supply dermatomes at the T1-L2 levels)
  • Traverse the chain then synapse in a pre-aortic ganglion (to supply abdominal viscera)
  • Descend the chain then synapse (typically to supply the lower limbs)
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13
Q

Describe the 2 different ways postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system reach their targets

A
  • Postganglionics reach their targets along the walls of blood vessels
  • Postganglionics reach their targets along spinal nerves
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14
Q

What is the major source of parasympathetic preganglionic input to the thoracic and abdominal viscera?

A

Vagus nerve

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15
Q

The head has 4 specialised parasympathetic ganglia. Identify them

A
  • Ciliary ganglion
  • Pterygopalatine ganglion
  • Submandibular ganglion
  • Otic ganglion
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16
Q

Describe the function of the ciliary ganglion

A

The ciliary ganglion receives parasympathetic preganglionics from the oculomotor nerve and distributes parasympathetic postganglionics to the eye

17
Q

Describe the function of the pterygopalatine ganglion

A

The pterygopalatine ganglion receives parasympathetic preganglionics from the facial nerve and distributes parasympathetic postganglionics to the lacrimal gland

18
Q

Describe the function of the submandibular ganglion

A

The submandibular ganglion receives parasympathetic preganglionics from the facial nerve and distributes parasympathetic postganglionics to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

19
Q

Describe the function of the otic ganglion

A

The otic ganglion receives parasympathetic preganglionics from the glossopharyngeal nerve and distributes parasympathetic postganglionics to the parotid gland

20
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Referred pain is where a pain is perceived at a site distant to the source of the pain

21
Q

Distinguish between visceral and somatic pain

A

Somatic pain comes from the joints, bones, muscles and other soft tissues, while visceral pain comes from the internal organs