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BodyLog * > S9 Medical Imaging > Flashcards

S9 Medical Imaging Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

What is an X-ray?

A

Focused beam of high energy electrons pass through body onto receiver (some are absorbed/scattered dependent on density)

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2
Q

Thinking about fat, air, metal, bone and soft tissue, label from high density to low density in X-ray.

A

Air, fat, soft tissue, bone, metal

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3
Q

On an X-ray is white high or low density?

A

High density

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4
Q

What are the advantages of using an X-ray?

A
  1. Quick
  2. Cheap
  3. Portable
  4. Simple
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of using an X-ray?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. 2D imaging
  3. Can’t visualise all areas
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6
Q

What are the uses of X-ray?

A

Checking for bone fractures and trauma in e.g. the chest

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7
Q

What is fluoroscopy?

A

Uses a constant stream of xrays and is enhanced by contrast media e.g. barium (absorbs xrays)

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8
Q

What are the two examples of plain film imaging?

A

Xray

Fluoroscopy

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9
Q

What are the two examples of cross-sectional imaging?

A

CT

MRI

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10
Q

What are the uses of fluoroscopy?

A
  1. Contrast GI studies
  2. Study of joints
  3. Therapeutic joint injections
  4. Screening in theatre
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11
Q

What are the advantages of fluoroscopy?

A
  1. Cheap

2. Allows for dynamic studies

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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of fluoroscopy?

A
  1. Radiation

2. Clinical exposure must be minimised

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13
Q

What is computed tomography (CT)?

A

Rotating gantry (with X-ray tube on one side, detectors on the other side)

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14
Q

What are the uses of CT scans?

A

Diagnosis (cancer/stroke), guide for tests/treatments (cancer treatment)

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15
Q

What are the advantages of CT scans?

A
  1. Quick

2. Good spatial resolution

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16
Q

What are the disadvantages of CT scans?

A
  1. Radiation
  2. Can be overused
  3. Requires breath holding
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17
Q

What is an MRI scan and how does it work?

A

Has a narrow gantry and uses a magnetic field to align hydrogen atoms in the body, some point one way, the other in the other way (not 50/50), the unmatched atoms absorb energy when radiofrequency pulse applied, it spins and when pulse is turned off, spins back and emits energy which is detected

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18
Q

What is the difference between T1 and T2 in terms of MRI?

Study These Flashcards
A

T1 - fat is white, water is black
T2 - fat is black, water is white

White is the high signal

19
Q

What are the advantages of MRI?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. No radiation

2. Good contrast resolution

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of MRI?

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Expensive
  2. Some patients don’t fit
  3. Time-consuming
  4. Loud
  5. Claustrophobic
  6. Not safe if have metal work
21
Q

What is a positron emission tomography (PET) scan?

Study These Flashcards
A

Decay of radionuclides by positron emission. Binds to glucose (see ‘hot spots’ (darker areas) where there is a high glucose metabolism)

22
Q

What are the uses of PET scans?

Study These Flashcards
A

Oncology - determining if a tumour is benign or malignant, what stage a tumour is in, etc.

23
Q

What is ultrasound and how does it work?

Study These Flashcards
A

Using high frequency sound waves which are reflected back where density differs and are detected by a probe.

More reflective areas (bone/air/stones) are white, non-reflective areas (pure fluid) are black

24
Q

Why can’t you see behind bone, air or stones on a ultrasound?

Study These Flashcards
A

There is such a great difference in tissue density that means the sound waves are completely reflected (acoustic shadowing)

25
How does blood affect an ultrasound?
Doppler effect - moving objects influence sound waves. Blood moving towards sound waves increases the frequency and moving away the opposite.
26
What are the uses of ultrasound?
1. Obs/gynae - pregnancy and uterus 2. Looking in body cavities 3. Looking at the urinary tract - stones? 4. Looking at solid organs - liver, kidneys, spleen, etc
27
What are the advantages of ultrasound?
1. Cheap 2. Portable 3. Can be inserted into body cavities 4. Dynamic (blood flow) 5. No radiation 6. Can be used on babies
28
What are the disadvantages of ultrasound?
1. Operator dependent | 2. No bone/gas penetration
29
How many days/months/years of background radiation do chest and abdominal X-ray scans cause?
Chest - 3 days | Abdominal - 4 months
30
How many days/months/years of background radiation do chest and abdominal and head CT scans cause?
Chest - 3.6 years Abdominal - 4.5 years Head - 1 year
31
How many days/months/years of background radiation do ultrasound scans cause?
0
32
How many days/months/years of background radiation do MRI scans cause?
0
33
What is nuclear medicine?
Administration of radio-pharmaceuticals labelled with radioactive tracers into the body - drugs have affinity for specific body tissues.
34
What is nuclear medicine useful for?
Displaying physiological function e.g excretory function of the kidneys, blood flow to heart muscle, etc.
35
What is angiography?
Medical imaging technique to visualise blood vessels
36
Why is contrast media useful?
Helps better differentiate tissues
37
What is an example of contrast media?
Barium sulphate (Barium meal)
38
Contrast media can be negative or positive, give examples of each and which colour they show up as.
Positive - barium, iodine and gadolinium - white Negative - water, air, CO2 - black
39
What are the ideal factors for contrast media to be effective?
1. Low osmolality and viscosity 2. High water solubility 3. Biologically inert 4. Safe 5. Heat and chemical stable 5. Cost effective
40
How can contrast media be administered?
1. Orally 2. Rectally 3. By IV
41
How is contrast media excreted? What is its half life?
By the kidneys (consider consequences of using if person has kidney damage) 30-60mins
42
What are the side effects of contrast media? What two types of side effects are there?
1. Endothelial damage 2. Thrombosis 3. Vasodilation 4. Vascular pain 1. Idiosyncratic (can’t predict) 2. Non-idiosyncratic (aware patient has an issue)
43
What is interventional radiologist? Give an example of when it can be used.
Minimally invasive, image-guided treatments. Used to remove a blood clot causing a stoke

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