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History Grade 11-12 @ Cedar House > SA in the 1990's (Grade 12) (P2) > Flashcards

SA in the 1990's (Grade 12) (P2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the SA’n situation in 1989?

A

National Party (NP) in power

Black people had no vote

ANC banned for 30 years

Leaders in exile or jail:
O.R. Tambo, Thabo Mbeki, Jacob Zuma
(exile), Mandela (jail)

Tension and suspicion

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2
Q

What was the end result in 1994?

A

Negotiations and compromise resulted in a
settlement

Major conflict avoided

NP rule ended after 46 years

ANC won majority in first democratic election

SA had liberal and widely respected new
constitution

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3
Q

SA’s focus during this time was on balance. What was this balance between?

A

Negotiations/Peaceful Settlement vs Conflict/Violence

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4
Q

Give some context to the 1990’s. What did the late 80’s look like?

A

Lots of pressure on the NP.

Government mix of harsh repression and weak reforms failed

Internal mass resistance 🡪 demonstrated strength of resistance movement

International isolation and sanctions 🡪 economy badly effected by sanctions and disinvestment

Military defeat in Angola 🡪 reassessment of military strength

Collapse of communism and end of Cold War 🡪 ‘total onslaught’ no longer valid

Critical skills shortage due to Bantu Education and school boycotts 🡪 hurting economy

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5
Q

Pressure on the NP led to what changes at the end of the 80’s?

A

PW Botha forced to step down as leader

FW de Klerk took over (Sept 1989)

🡪 Realised urgent need for change

NP wanted to control the pace of change and
try retain some power

Believed that ANC was weak after 30 year ban, but needed to be included to help solve the SA crisis

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6
Q

What happened in 1985 in the context of the ANC’s resistance?

A

Business leaders met ANC in Lusaka in Zambia
* Led by Gavin Relly (Anglo-America)
* Met with O.R. Tambo

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7
Q

What happened in 1987 in the context of the ANC’s resistance?

A

1987: liberal Afrikaners met ANC in Dakar,
Senegal
* Led by Van Zyl Slabbert
* Met with Thabo Mbeki

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8
Q

What was happening to Mandela during the 80’s?

A

1982: Mandela moved from Robben Island to Pollsmoor prison

1985: secret talks between Mandela and government. Mandela rejected any offer of conditional release

1988: Mandela moved to Victor Verster prison in Paarl – had a house on the grounds

During 1989:
* Secret meeting between Mandela & PW Botha
* Secret meeting between Mandela and FW de Klerk
* Many political prisoners released (most of the Rivonia trialists except Mandela)

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9
Q

1990-1991 marked the..?

A

start of negotiations

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10
Q

What surprise announcement did de Klerk make? When?

A

2 Feb 1990:

Unbanning of ANC, PAC and SACP

Release of political prisoners (including
Mandela - unconditional)

Easing of restriction, bannings and
censorships

Suspension of death penalty

Willingness to negotiate

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11
Q

When was the release of Mandela?

A

11 February 1990: Mandela released!
* Welcomed by huge crowds and world media
* Visited ANC leaders in Lusaka
* Repeated ANC’s willingness to negotiate
* Visited 13 African, European and North American countries
* Saw political leaders and exiled South Africans
* Urged Western leaders to maintain sanctions
*Other political prisoners released, but not those govt considered had committed crimes
* Hunger strike by prisoners on Robben Island
* ANC refused to start negotiations before their release
* Finally more released (by 1991, nearly 1000 released)

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12
Q

What problems were the ANC facing after their unbanning?

A

Banned for 30 years so had to build up organisational structures

Needed to change from a liberation movement to a political party

Differences of opinion among leaders over ideology and tactics
e.g. Hani agreed that armed struggle should be called off – others didn’t

Possible clashes between returning exiles and leaders in SA:
* Exiles believed they had carried the burden of struggle
* Local leaders resented that their efforts were being overlooked
* 3 groups of leaders: exiles; prisoners; UDF

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13
Q

What problems were the NP facing as negotiations began?

A

Right-wing members leaving to join Conservative Party or AWB (Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging)
* Leader of CP = Andries Treurnicht
* Leader of AWB = Eugene Terre’blanche

Fears that army and police would use force to prevent change

Some wanted to form alliances with Inkatha and homeland leaders to share power
* Inkatha = rival political organisation in KwaZulu – led by Mangosuthu Buthelezi

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14
Q

What problems was SA facing at the start of negotiations outside of that of the ANC and NP?

A

Poverty and unemployment in townships had reached desperate levels

Violence between Inkatha and ANC supporters (especially in Natal)

Tensions in Rand townships between migrant workers living in hostels and residents

Suspicions of involvement of ‘third force’ in stirring up violence (members of police and army)

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15
Q

Why were planned talks in 1990 called off?

A

April 1990: Planned talks called off by ANC after Sebokeng killings (Township in south of JHB)

Clashes between police and township residents (14 people killed and 380 wounded)

Government forced to make concessions:
* Commission of Inquiry (under Justice Richard Goldstone) to investigate police involvement
Judicial Commission later confirmed involvement
of police – existence of ‘third force’
* Troops sent to Natal to stop violence
* Temporary indemnity (exemption from prosecution) to ANC exiles involved in talks
i.e. could participate in talks even if there were criminal charges against them

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16
Q

What were the first negotiations? When were they?

A

The Groote Schuur Minute, May 1990: first talks held at Groote Schuur in Cape Town (President’s residence in Rondebosch). Groote Schuur minute announced agreement on most issues and commitment to continue talks

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17
Q

What obstacles to negotiations were discussed at the Groote Schuur Minute?

A
  • Security legislation (e.g. Powers of police)
  • Troops in townships
  • State of emergency
  • On-going violence
  • Position of homelands
  • Political prisoners
  • Armed struggle
  • Economic sanctions
  • Return of exiles (including ANC president, Oliver Tambo)
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18
Q

What was the second negotiation? When was it?

A

The Pretoria Minute, August 1990

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19
Q

What agreements were made at the Pretoria Minute?

A

ANC agreed to suspend armed struggle
Government lifted state of emergency (had given government extra powers to maintain ‘law and order’)

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20
Q

What happened despite the agreements made at the Pretoria Minute?

A

Agreement failed to stop violence – especially in KZN:
* Battles between Inkatha and ANC supporters in Natal
* Activities of ‘third force’ in townships
* Stirring up tensions, terror and violence
* Evidence showed secret funding of Inkatha by government
* People doubted the intentions of government – questioned their sincerity

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21
Q

Why was there conflict at the Pretoria Minute?

A

A major difference of opinion between ANC and NP about a new constitution:
* ANC wanted majority rule under constitution drawn up by a constituent assembly
* Government wanted power-sharing; leading role for NP; protection of minority rights (= ‘white rights’)

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22
Q

What does CODESA stand for? What was it?

A

Convention for a Democratic South Africa. Essentially peace talks/negotiations.

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23
Q

When did the CODESA talks begin?

A

December 1991.

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24
Q

Who attended CODESA (and more norably, who did not)?

A

19 parties, 300 delegates. Conservative Party (CP), PAC and AZAPO (Azanian People’s Organisation) did not attend (wanted to wreck negotiations).

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25
CODESA agreed to compromise on a..?
constitution
26
How did the compromise of the constitution at CODESA work?
* Multi-party conference to draw up interim constitution * First elected parliament to draw up final constitution
27
CODESA set up ________ to discuss ______________.
working groups Principles of new constitution Plans for interim government – until elections could be held Future of homelands Timeline for change
28
What was the role of the labour movement in CODESA?
* COSATU joined with the unbanned ANC and SACP to form Tripartite Alliance * COSATU members played a leading role at CODESA as ANC and SACP delegates; e.g. Cyril Ramaphosa * 1992: COSATU’s campaign of ‘rolling mass action’ put pressure on government (after talks collapsed) * COSATU suggested some features included in new constitution: * Proportional representation * Presidency limited to two terms * COSATU concerned about issues of poverty, housing shortages, working conditions * Tripartite Alliance drafted Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP)
29
When did the breakdown of negotiations begin?
1992
30
What were conservative white voters opposed to?
- Reforms announced by De Klerk (Feb 1990) - Removal of apartheid laws (1990/1991) - On-going violence - Return of political exiles - Participation of SACP leaders (e.g. Joe Slovo) in negotiations - CODESA talks – thought NP was selling out white interests - Turned to CP and AWB to protect Afrikaner interests
31
What happened in March of 1992?
De Klerk decided to hold referendum among white voters (March 1992): - Wanted to see support for change - Had support from DP and business community - 70% of white electorate supported reform - Many voters influenced by positive changes --> e.g. End to sporting isolation( ‘92 Barcelona Olympics; Cricket World Cup) - Showed that fears of right-wing backlash were unrealistic
32
As talks broke down, how did violence progress?
- On-going violence between ANC and Inkatha - supporters escalated – esp. in rural KZN - Some believed government was stirring up conflict by arming Inkatha - Others blamed it on exclusion of Inkatha from playing major role in negotiations dominated by government and ANC - Increasing tensions between hostel dwellers and poor township residents --> Resented presence of migrant workers - Migrant workers had little connection with communities in townships
33
Who were Inthaka?
Inkatha = Zulu nationalist organization formed in 1975 by Buthelezi
34
Who is this man?
Mangosuthu Buthulezi. He formed the Inthaka Freedom Party in 1975.
35
Who is this man?
P.W Botha
36
Who is this man?
Steve Biko
37
Who is this man?
FW de Klerk
38
When were the Boitpatong killings?
17 June 1992
39
What happened on the 17 June, 1992? How did this event effect negotiations?
Boipatong Killings: - Township near Vanderbijl park in south Gauteng - ANC supporters attending a funeral were attacked by Inkatha supporters (helped by police) - 45 people killed - ANC broke off negotiations - CODESA talks collapsed - ANC, SACP, COSATU launched campaign of ‘rolling mass action’ – 2 day general strike
40
Why did CODESA talks collapse?
The Boipatong killings prompted the ANC to break off negotiations.
41
When and what was the Bisho massacre?
- 7 September 1992: Bisho massacre - Protest march by ANC supporters against Oupa Gqozo – fired on by Ciskei troops and SA soldiers - 28 people killed and +200 injured
42
Where was Bisho?
Bisho = capital of Ciskei homeland
43
When did CODESA talks break down? What was the international response?
- CODESA talks break down (mid-1992) - International concern about situation in South Africa - Western governments put pressure on De Klerk - UN sent observers to investigate violence
44
The NP (SA govt) and the ANC came into a deadlock in negotiations in 1992. How did they break out of it?
Talks between Cyril Ramaphosa and Roelf Meyer and intense behind-the-scenes negotiations took place, until September of 1992, when the 'Sunset Clause' and 'Record of Understanding' were created.
45
What was the Record of Understanding and Sunset Clause?
- ANC and government saw crucial need to re-start negotiations after deadlock following violence - ‘Record of understanding’ --> Allow work of CODESA to continue --> Both sides made concessions
46
What concessions did the govt agree to in the RoU and SC?
- Release political prisoners - Put fences around hostels - Ban use of ‘traditional’ weapons at Inkatha rallies i.e. spears, knobkerries, axes
47
What concessions did the ANC agree to in the RoU and SC?
- Government of National Unity (GNU) for 5 years - Proposed by Joe Slovo - Broke deadlock between ANC and govt - ‘Sunset clause’ = gradual fading of the old order over 5 year period
48
Who is this man?
Chris Hani, military commander, politician and revolutionary who served as the leader of the South African Communist Party and chief of staff of uMkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress.
49
How did the state of the talks change after the RoU and SC were created in late 1992?
Things were looking up, until the murder of Chris Hani in April of 1993.
50
Who killed Chris Hani? When?
Killed on 10 April 1993 by Polish right wing radical: Janusz Walus who conspired with Clive Derby-Lewis (member of the CP)
51
What did the death of Chris Hani mean for negotiations and the state of SA?
- Hani’s death led to angry demonstrations and an increase in racial tensions - Mandela’s appeal for calm prevented more violence --> Gave a TV address to the nation --> Used story that an Afrikaans women who witnessed the killings identified and helped to catch Janusz - Many believed that hopes for a peaceful solution for SA were fading, but crisis created a sense of urgency
52
Multi-party negotiations halted in ___, and resumed in ____.
1992, 1993
53
What negotiations came after the murder of Chris Hani?
- Agreements: Interim constitution and elections - July 1993: talks reach agreement on principles of interim constitution - April 1993: multi-party negotiating forum resumed talks -Nearly 1 year after collapse of CODESA, PAC and CP joined talks - Plans for democratic elections made: --> Vote to all over age of 18 --> Date: 27 April 1994
54
Describe the interim constitution decided upon in 1993.
- July 1993: talks reach agreement on principles of interim constitution - 400 representatives in a National Assembly - System of Proportional Representation - 9 new provinces to replace old system: 4 provinces & 9 homelands - Senate (later called National Council of Provinces) - National Assembly and Senate to form Constitutional - Assembly to draft final constitution - All parties with 5% of vote to be part of GNU for 5 years - NA to elect president (in effect leader of majority party) - Bill of Rights to guarantee basic freedoms - Constitutional Court to protect constitution
55
Who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993?
Nelson Mandela, and FW de Klerk
56
What obstacles did peace face in 1993?
- on-going violence threatens the progress - 1993: Some groups try to stop elections from going ahead
57
Describe the AWB's act of terrorism in the World Trade Centre.
- Right-wing AWB, under Eugene Terre’blanche, opposed to change - Spoke openly about violence - June 1993: AWB attack on World Trade Centre: --> 200 AWB members occupied building --> Crashed armoured vehicle through glass front; invaded building; intimidated delegates --> Caused damage and concern --> But failed to stop negotiations
58
Who were the APLA?
APLA = extremist armed wing of PAC
59
Why did the APLA try to disrupt negotiations?
- Thought ANC were making too many concessions to whites - Thought this would undermine chances of revolutionary social and political changes
60
Describe the APLA's attacks in 1993.
APLA attacks: - St. James church in Kenilworth --> 12 members of congregation killed at a Sunday evening service; 56 injured - Heidelberg Tavern in Observatory; 4 killed - Killing of Amy Biehl in Gugulethu --> US anti-apartheid activist --> Dragged from car and stabbed to death --> End of 1993: PAC agreed to end armed struggle
60
The end of 1993 marked what for PAC?
The end of the armed struggle (as per their agreement).
61
December 1993 marked what?
December 1993: agreement on interim constitution
62
The interim constitution included..?
Constitution included: Bill of Rights Children’s Charter Women’s Charter
63
How did right-wing Afrikaners protest against the upcoming 1994 election?
Violence from right-wing Afrikaners: - Early 1994: 40 bomb blasts targeted political party offices and voting venues - Car bomb in central Johannesburg – 9 killed - Bombing campaign in JHB killed 21 and injured hundreds
64
How did homeland leaders protest against the upcoming 1994 election?
- Opposition from homeland leaders - Didn’t support plans to unite former homelands with SA - Lucas Mangope of Bophuthatswana - Oupa Gqozo of Ciskei - Feared losing privileges when homelands abolished - Mangope and Gqozo formed Concerned South Africans Group (COSAG) with Inkatha and CP - Opposed plan to abolish homelands - But Mangope and Gqozo forced to step down Strikes by civil servants and soldiers in own homelands
65
How did the AWB and homeland leaders align in early 1994?
- AWB invasion of Bophuthatswana (11 March) to support Mangope, (failed to do so) wanted to restore him to power just before election - 3 wounded AWB men shot by Bop. Police in front of TV camera’s – shown live on TV
66
What was the Shell House massacre?
- March 1994: Shell House massacre - March by Inkatha in JHB past ANC headquarters – carrying traditional weapons - Clash between Inkatha marches and ANC guards - 53 killed - 300 more died in country wide violence - Hope for peaceful election fading
67
Did the right-wing Afrikaners participate in the 1994 election?
Right-wing Afrikaners formed Freedom Front (FF) to participate in election, even though many had been opposed to the negotiating process.
68
How did the IFP cause concern right before the election?
- Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) caused concern: - Buthelezi threatened to boycott election - He wanted autonomous Kwazulu under Inkatha control - Concern: IFP had so much support in KZN
69
Describe the IFP's involvement in the 1994 election.
April 1994 (one week before election): emergency meeting between Mandela, De Klerk and Buthelezi. Ultimately, the IFP agreed to participate in election.
70
Did the IFP join the election?
- Inkatha added to the ballot at the last minute - Had to print stickers and put them on the ballot papers
71
Who were the Tripartite Alliance?
ANC, SACP and COSATU formed Tripartite Alliance to fight election together
72
Describe the last minute attempts by right-wing Afrikaners to stop the election.
Last minute attempts by Afrikaner right-wingers to disrupt election with a bomb at JHB airport on election day.
73
When was the first democratic election?
27 – 29 April 1994: first democratic election
74
How long did the voting last? What was the turnout?
20m queued for hours; voting over 3 days
75
How was it ensured that the election was free and fair?
- Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) organized ‘free and fair’ election – also monitored by international observers
76
Describe the results of the election.
- ANC won 63% of votes and majority in 7 provinces - National Party won 20% and won in the Western Cape - Inkatha won 10,5% and won in Kwazulu-Natal - Little support for other parties (FF = 2%; D.P. = 1.7%; PAC = 1.25%)
77
What was formed after the election?
- The Government of National Unity (GNU) - 12 cabinet ministers from ANC; 6 from NP; 3 from IFP - Mandela as president - Thabo Mbeki and FW de Klerk as deputy presidents - Buthelezi as Minister of Home Affairs
78
How did the GNU transform SA?
- Former homelands incorporated into 9 new provinces - Civil service and police force restructured - New National Defence Force created out of guerilla fighters and SADF - New national symbols adopted (flag, anthem, public holidays) - Policies to address serious economic and social problems
79
Parliament formed __________ _________ to draft final constitution, chaired by ______ _________, who was assisted by teams of technical and legal advisors.
Constituent Assembly Cyril Ramaphosa
80
What was the process of drafting the constitution?
- Encouraged input from ordinary people - Not easy – 40 mil. people, many rural, illiterate, no tv or internet - Public meetings/workshops - Written submissions – 1.7mil (wide range E.g. Death penalty, pornography, abortion, animal rights, environmental issues)
81
When was the new constitution introduced?
May 1996
82
Describe the new constitution that was adopted.
- May 1996 - Included Bill of Rights - Created Human Rights Commission to defend human rights - Created Constitutional Court to protect and uphold constitution - Entrenched separation of 3 branches of government: --> Executive, Judiciary, Legislature

History Grade 11-12 @ Cedar House (20 decks)

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